中国城镇地区的组内工资差距:1995-2007

本文利用1995年、2002年和2007年的住户调查数据,发现城镇地区的组内工资差距不断上升并在不同时期表现出不同的演变特征。分解结果表明组内工资差距上升的主要来源是技能价格上升。本文构造了城市层面的面板数据,发现所有制调整和全球化是导致技能价格上升进而导致组内工资差距上升的重要因素。所有制调整的影响主要体现在第一个时期(1995—2002年),而全球化的影响更多的体现在第二个时期(2002—2007年),突显了加入WTO对我国收入差距的影响。     

浅析现阶段我国的收入差距

近年来我国的收入差距呈现扩大化的趋势,主要表现在城乡居民之间和城乡居民内部、地区之间、不同所有制及同一所有制内部和不同行业间等收入差距和不同阶层财富差距扩大。为了促进社会和谐发展,相应要从加大转移支付力度、完善税收、推进社会第三次分配促进区域经济协调发展、合理调整国有部门分配关系和扩大中等收入阶层比重等方面调节收入差距。     

我国居民收入差距及其来源分解

改革开放30年来,我国城乡居民收入有了巨大提高,但居民间收入差距也呈现扩大趋势。本文计算了1978～2007年我国城镇、农村和全国居民收入的基尼系数,通过来源分解基尼系数法比较分析了城镇内、农村内和城乡间收入差距的变化趋势及各分项收入的影响作用,并以城乡基尼系数为例对差距增量的来源进行了分解。研究发现,我国城镇、农村、城乡间和全国基尼系数都呈现出波动上升态势,从收入来源来看,各分项收入的影响作用各不相同,城乡差距表现出明显的周期性波动的特征。     

工资总额管制提升了中央企业的全要素生产率吗

工资总额管制是缩小不同所有制企业职工收入差距的重要抓手，那么工资总额管制能否在促进公平的基础上，推动中央企业效率变革？以2015—2021年A股中央企业控股上市公司为研究样本，手工收集工资总额管制相关信息，考察工资总额管制对中央企业全要素生产率的影响后发现，工资总额管制提升了中央企业的全要素生产率。进一步研究表明，提高职工薪酬外部公平性、增强职工薪酬的业绩敏感性、促使企业削减冗余雇员是工资总额管制提升中央企业全要素生产率的重要路径，前述影响在垄断行业与成熟期中央企业样本中更加明显。结论表明，工资总额管制可以统筹兼顾促进社会公平与提升企业效率，在缩小职工工资所有制差距的同时，提升了中央企业职工激励的效果。因此，有关部门要进一步推行工资总额管制政策，细化职工人员调整、资产重组等特殊事项的工资总额管理方式，对出资企业实行差异化的工资总额管理，发挥工资总额管制对中央企业提质增效的作用。     

个人收入分配中不平等度的评判——基于市场分割的收入差距分解分析

收入差距问题受到了全社会的广泛关注,其中的问题令人担忧。本文运用2007年的宏观经济数据,基于市场分割对居民的收入差距采用泰尔指数法进行分解分析,结果发现在不同行业门类、地区和所有制对劳动市场进行分割的影响下,东部地区,新兴部门和制造业的居民内部的不平等程度较大,而三大区域之间和行业门类之间的不平等程度过大。     

全面认识居民收入差距问题

目前我国收入分配关系尚未理顺,居民收入差距持续扩大,主要问题是:总体收入差距过大,城乡之间、地区之间、行业之间收入差距过大,不同所有制单位之间、机关企事业单位之间收入差距过大,企业内部收入差距不规范、不合理,工资外收入混乱,不合理不合法收入使差距进一步拉大。为了妥善解决这些问题,首先要全面认识这些问题。     

高新技术产业发展对城乡居民收入差距的影响

本文基于我国30个省市1999—2012年的面板数据,分别利用固定效应模型和分位数回归方法分析了高新技术产业投入对城乡收入差距的影响;进一步分析了东、中、西三大经济区高新技术产业对城乡收入差距影响程度和趋势的差异性。结论为:高新技术产业发展会拉大城乡收入差距且存在时滞性,不同地区的影响幅度和变化趋势不同。政府应通过降低高新技术产业投入在城乡间的差距以减少因此带来的城乡收入差距。     

人民币汇率如何影响员工收入?

人民币汇率升值会对国内企业产生不利的需求冲击,那么员工收入会在多大程度上受到影响呢?企业是否会通过降低员工收入来转嫁这种不利冲击呢?本文首先构造一个理论模型,分析汇率变动对员工收入的影响,发现汇率升值会通过进口竞争、出口收益和进口成本三种不同的渠道影响员工收入。然后,我们利用2000—2006年的中国工业企业数据库与海关数据库的匹配样本验证理论机制。研究表明,人民币汇率升值1%将会导致员工工资下降1%,其中,进口竞争效应导致下降0.6%,出口收益效应导致下降0.5%,进口成本效应造成上升0.1%。进一步的研究发现,收入的汇率弹性在不同类型的企业(生产率差异、所有制差异)之间存在显著差异,因此汇率调整还影响企业间的员工收入差距。     

工业企业工资增长影响因素的经验分析

本文针对工业企业职工工资的增长速度呈现放缓趋势、职工工资总额占GDP总额的比重持续下降等问题,分析了我国工业企业工资增长的影响因素。本文基于2003—2012年工业企业省际面板数据,选取多个工资增长的影响因素,建立了动态面板模型进行经验研究。研究结果表明,工资粘性、地区生产总值和劳动生产率是影响工资增长的主要因素;而对于不同所有制企业,失业率、人力资本水平和最低工资增长率的影响均不同。     

人力资本理论视角下的教育与辞职——基于中国城镇居民的研究

本文在文献概述的基础上,根据人力资本理论提出关于教育与辞职关系的两个命题,一是教育与辞职成正相关,二是高中学历者的辞职概率高于中职学历者,然后利用CHIP-2002数据进行了统计和计量分析,验证了命题,最后通过剖析中外教育与辞职关系的不同,发现原因是中外企业培训状况有着显著不同。本文的政策含义是企业应加大对职工的培训投资。     

Wage differentials by sector and gender: a quantile analysis for the Spanish case

This paper analyses existing wage differentials between workers in the public and private sectors and by gender in Spain. This analysis is run throughout the entire earnings distribution and observed wage differentials are decomposed into a part explained by differences in productive characteristics and a part due to differences in returns to such characteristics. Our results show that public sector workers tend to earn higher wages than private employees, although most of this sector wage gap is due to better public workers’ productive characteristics. A wage premium in favour of men is also found in both the public and private sectors, with the gender wage gap greater at the top of the earnings distribution.     

The effect of large‐scale privatization on public sector pay gap in a transition economy

Estimating the public–private sector earnings differentials in Serbia from 1995 until 2008 this paper finds significant changes at the mean and across the earnings distribution. The results show that the average public sector pay gap was negative at early stages of economic transition but grew to be positive during large‐scale privatizations. The paper uses different sources of data and adopts a number of statistical procedures, including a novel instrument to infer the likelihood of changes in the individual public sector status due to privatization.     

Central Government versus private sector wages and cognitive skills: evidence using endogenous switching regression

The importance of estimation techniques that allow for nonrandom selection of workers into the public and private sectors has been established in the theoretical and empirical literature. A separate body of work has explored the contribution of cognitive and other basic skills to earnings. This article brings together these two strands of empirical literature using Adult Literacy and Lifeskills (ALL) survey data for Norway and Bermuda. In the case of Norway, results from both Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and a switching regression model agree that cognitive skills are rewarded more in the public sector and that, in both sectors, the main effect is the direct effect of skills on earnings. In the case of Bermuda, however, switching regression estimates are substantially different with respect to the how skills affect earnings; furthermore, controlling for cognitive skills changes the nature of selection and, hence, the estimates of sector wage differentials.     

Migrants as second-class workers in urban China? A decomposition analysis

In urban China, urban resident annual earnings are 1.3 times larger than long-term rural migrant earnings as observed in a nationally representative sample in 2002. Using microsimulation, we decompose this difference into four sources, with particular attention to path-dependence and statistical distribution of the estimated effects: (1) different allocation to sectors that pay different wages (sectoral effect); (2) hourly wage disparities across the two populations within sectors (wage effect); (3) different working times within sectors (working time effect); and (4) different population structures (population effect). Although sector allocation is extremely contrasted, with very few migrants in the public sector and very few urban residents working as self-employed, this has no clear impact on earnings differentials, because the sectoral effect is not robust to the path followed for the decomposition. The second main finding is that the population effect is robust and significantly more important than wage or working time effects. This implies that the main source of disparity between the two populations is pre-market (education opportunities) rather than on-market.     

New evidence on public sector wage differentials

This paper examines the nature of wage differentials for men and women in the public sector, using a sample selection approach. This includes the self-selection that occurs in the sectoral choice process as well as the selection that arises in context of the labour force participation decision of men and women. Using 1991 Current population Survey data, it is found that male workers in the public sector on an average earn higher wages than male private sector workers, whereas the wage premium earned by women is undermined by a slightly greater degree of discrimination in the public sector     

Public Sector Employment,Wage Inequality and the Gender Pay Ratio in the UK

This paper assesses the relative contributions of the different systems of pay determination in the private sector and the public sector toward the changing level of wage inequality and the gender pay ratio in the UK. The greater centralisation of pay arrangements in the public sector compared with the private sector in the UK suggests that public sector employment may have acted to offset the widening wage inequality seen in recent years, as well as making an important contribution to the increase in women's relative average earnings compared to men. This issue is addressed by drawing on unpublished occupational hourly earnings data from the New Earnings Survey and applying decomposition of the Theil index of wage inequality to analyse both static and dynamic trends. The change in wage inequality for the period 1986 to 1995 primarily reflected the change in wage dispersion within the private sector, and the narrowing of the gender pay gap among the public sector workforce was an important factor in explaining the overall improvement in women's relative earnings. The paper argues that the relatively centralised pay arrangements in the public sector, compared with the private sector, played an important role in slowing the increase in wage inequality and narrowing the gender pay gap. As such, future policies to decentralise pay determination in the UK public sector may exacerbate the increasing level of wage inequality and reverse women's recent relative pay improvements.     

公共部门与非公共部门收入差异的变迁

基于社会阶层动态演化理论,本文提出了部门收入差异阶段性假说。随后利用CHNS面板数据实证检验了该假说。结果表明,第一阶段(1989—1997年),在较高的收入层次上,非公共部门比公共部门具有明显的收入优势,并且这一收入优势随着收入水平的提高而提高。非公共部门的教育回报率也更高;第二阶段(2000—2009年),在中低收入分位数上,公共部门比非公共部门表现出明显的收入优势。在较高的收入分位数上,非公共部门不再具有收入优势。在较高的教育水平上,两大部门的教育回报率接近。同时,两个阶段中在较低和较高收入分位数上表现出的部门收入差异主要源自部门特征因素。实证研究支持了阶段性假说,为我国收入分配结构性调整提供了启示。     

Globalization and the Return to Education in Australia

Reich argues that globalization will increase the relative earnings of those whose occupation involves identifying and solving problems and managing ideas. Hence, the return to education, especially education in the form of a university degree, will rise. This paper examines the return to education in Australia in the 1980s and shows that in the private sector there has been a substantial rise in the relative earnings of graduates. Due to special circumstances there has been a fall in the public sector. Previous findings of little change are the result of aggregation problems.     

Changes in the structure of earnings during the Polish transition

We document changes in the structure of earnings during the economic transition in Poland. We find that inequality in labor earnings increased substantially from 1988 to 1996. A common view is that the reallocation of workers from a public sector with a compressed wage distribution, to a private sector with much higher wage inequality, accounts for the bulk of increased earnings inequality during transition (see, e.g., the models of Aghion and Commander (1999) [Aghion, Philippe, Commander, Simon, 1999. On the dynamics of inequality in the transition. Economics of Transition 7, 275–2898.] and Commander and Tolstopiatenko (1998) [Commander, Simon, Tolstopiatenko, Andrei, 1998. The role of unemployment and restructuring in the transition. In: Commander, Simon (Ed.), Enterprise Restructuring and Unemployment in Models of Transition. The World Bank, Washington, pp. 169–192.]). However, our decomposition of the sources of the increase in inequality suggests that this compositional effect accounts for only 39% of the increase. Fully 52% of the increase is due to the increase in the variance of wages within sectors. That is, earnings inequality within both the private and public sectors grew substantially, and by similar amounts. This is consistent with prior work suggesting that even state-owned enterprises in Poland moved towards competitive wage setting as they restructured (see, e.g., Pinto et al. (1993) [Pinto, Brian, Belka, Marek, Krajewski, Stefan, 1993. Transforming state enterprises in Poland: evidence on adjustment by manufacturing firms. Brookings papers on Economic Activity, 213-70.] Commander and Dhar (1998) [Commander, Simon, Dhar, Sumana, 1998. Enterprises in the Polish transition. In Simon Commander (Ed.), Enterprise Restructuring and Unemployment in Models of Transition. The World Bank, Washington, pp. 109-142.]).A substantial part of the increase in earnings inequality was between group, due largely to increased education premiums. However, changes in inequality within education–experience–gender groups account for about 60 percent of the increase in overall earnings inequality. The increases in within-group inequality were very different across skill groups, with much larger increases for highly educated workers. These patterns hold in both the private and public sectors, although increases in education premiums were somewhat greater in the private sector.     

CROSS‐MARKET TRADING IN CHINA'S LARGE STATE‐OWNED COMMERCIAL BANKS, 2006–2011

This paper examines the differential between the share prices of China's large state‐owned commercial banks traded in Shanghai versus prices observed in Hong Kong. We find a significant role for investor sentiment, as reflected in relative price‐earnings ratios, in explaining these price differentials for all four banks. The share price in Shanghai tends to move ahead of the share price in Hong Kong when more positive sentiment in Shanghai makes local investors willing to pay more for the same predicted earnings. We also identify common trends in relative bank price‐earnings ratios and price differentials across the two markets. (JEL G14, G15)