中国制造业区域转移的机理与实证分析

针对改革开放以来中国制造业区域转移的巨大变化,本文探讨了制造业区域转移的作用机理,并基于19个两位数制造业数据进行了实证分析.研究结果表明,运输成本对制造业选择邻近市场的区位具有重要意义.出口导向战略、国内需求不足以及经济发展对国际市场的依赖凸现了沿海地区的区住优势,推动了制造业区域转移;随着制造业逐步集聚,集聚经济外部性也发挥了相当作用,经验证据支持马歇尔外部性和波特外部性的积极影响,雅各布外部性的证据则较弱;由于富有弹性的劳动力供给,工资调整并没有对制造业集聚产生抑制作用.此外,地区间市场化差异也对制造业区域转移产生了影响.     

大城市技术密集型制造业空间演化特征及动因分析——以北京市电子设备制造业为例

研究城市内部产业空间演化及其动因机制对优化大城市产业结构和空间布局有重要的现实意义。文章以北京市电子设备制造业为例,使用中国工业企业数据库分析大城市技术密集型制造业的空间演化特征,发现其分布集聚明显、受开发区政策影响较大、有适宜的人口分布区间,演化过程有较强的路径与地理依赖特征。使用动态面板GMM方法对产业演化动因进行实证研究,结果表明,相较于多样化经济带来的雅各布斯外部性,技术密集型制造业集聚受专业化产生的马歇尔外部性影响更大;地租成本和劳动力成本均阻碍产业向城市中心集聚;地区创新能力和开发区政策对产业空间演化有明显的推动作用。     

产业集聚能提高地区经济效率吗?——基于中国城市数据的空间计量分析

本文采用SFA模型对中国城市经济效率进行了测度,并运用空间计量技术引入地理距离分析了产业集聚对地区经济效率的影响机制。结果显示:从全国层面看,制造业集聚、制造业与生产性服务业的共同集聚对地区经济效率的影响显著为负,但尚未产生拥塞效应;制造业集聚对地区经济效率的影响会随着经济发展水平的提高呈现"N"型过程,从而修正了威廉姆森假说,同时生产性服务业集聚支持开放性假说。从区域层面看,制造业集聚对中、西部城市的经济效率都具有显著的负向影响和拥塞效应,但制造业与生产性服务业共同集聚对中、西部城市的经济效率存在明显的促进作用。从外部性效应看,MAR外部性和Porter外部性对中国城市的经济效率都存在显著的负向影响,而Jacobs外部性仅对东部城市的经济效率具有显著的正向影响。     

生产性服务业集聚与城市制造业出口升级——基于空间杜宾模型的实证检验

文章构建了生产性服务业集聚影响制造业出口升级的理论分析框架,并基于中国海关数据库和中国城市数据库匹配数据,运用空间杜宾模型进行了实证检验.研究结果发现:生产性服务业在空间分布上有显著的集聚特征,其集聚程度远高于制造业;生产性服务业集聚主要通过多样化外部性促进了本地区制造业的出口升级,而生产性服务业集聚的竞争外部性对本地区出口升级有显著的抑制作用.生产性服务业集聚的三种外部性的空间溢出效应均不显著,但区分城市规模后,大城市生产性服务业集聚的专业化外部性和竞争外部性的空间溢出效应则显著为负,生产性服务业高度聚集于大城市阻碍了周边城市的出口升级.     

产业集聚与地区工资差距——基于中国城市数据的空间计量分析

本文以新经济地理学和城市经济学理论为基础,利用中国2003-2012年285个地级及以上城市的统计数据,运用空间计量模型分析了产业集聚对地区工资水平影响的空间溢出效应,研究结论表明:中国城市职工平均工资的空间相关性呈现波动性的递增趋势;制造业集聚对地区工资水平为显著的负影响,生产性服务业集聚和制造业与生产性服务业共同集聚有利于地区工资水平的提升;从集聚外部性效应来看,MAR外部性和Porter外部性抑制了地区工资水平的提升,Jacobs外部性有利于地区工资水平的提升。     

企业规模、城市规模与集聚经济——对中国制造业企业普查数据的实证分析

本文利用我国2004年制造业企业普查数据,检验了不同规模的企业在不同规模的城市中得益于何种类型的集聚经济。结果表明,在控制了人力资本的外部性和城市人口规模效应后,小型企业在中等城市和大城市中显著得益于马歇尔外部经济(行业内集聚经济),在超大和特大城市中显著得益于雅各布斯外部经济(跨行业集聚经济);中型企业在大城市、特大城市和超大城市中显著得益于马歇尔外部经济,但只在特大城市中显著得益于雅各布斯外部经济;大型企业即使在特大和超大城市中也很少得益于雅各布斯外部经济。     

产业集聚与资本结构:权衡理论还是啄食理论

基于权衡理论和啄食理论的研究视角发现,产业集聚与资本结构在新经济地理学理论框架和马歇尔外部性理论框架下呈现出不同的关系。实证结果则发现我国制造业企业的资本结构随着产业集聚的提高而下降,支持了啄食理论。原因在于:一方面,我国制造业企业的债务融资存在较高的交易成本;另一方面,我国产业集聚的外部效应较弱,产业集聚对债务融资的正向作用难以发挥。     

文化产业集聚、空间溢出与经济高质量发展

以2013-2017年中国30个省份为研究样本,实证分析了文化产业集聚对经济高质量发展的影响与作用机制。文化产业集聚对经济高质量发展的影响具有异质性,西部和东部地区文化产业集聚促进经济高质量发展,中部地区文化产业集聚抑制经济高质量发展;不同文化产业类别的集聚对经济高质量发展具有不同的促进效果,由高到低依次为文化制造业、文化服务业、文化批发和零售业;文化产业集聚主要基于外部性的空间溢出效应促进经济高质量发展,相较于Jacobs外部性和Porter外部性,MAR外部性所产生的空间溢出效应对经济高质量发展的作用效果最显著。     

企业创新、生命周期与聚集经济

企业创新会受其所处生命周期阶段及所在城市其他企业在地理上集聚而产生的外部经济影响。本文运用2007年中国规模以上工业企业数据进行实证研究,发现企业的创新在生命周期不同阶段会受益于不同的聚集经济:新生或年轻企业的创新更多地受益于产业多样化带来的雅各布外部经济,成熟企业的创新则更多地受益于产业专业化带来的马歇尔外部经济。本文为文献中关于马歇尔外部性还是雅各布外部性更促进企业创新的争论提供了新的经验检验证据。     

劳动力区间流动影响经济集聚的机理分析

在经济集聚形成的多种机制中,劳动力要素的流动无疑是经济集聚最重要的因素.在企业生产函数中引入外部效应参数,将城市内部空间结构整合到模型框架中,使模型更加接近现实.本文模型的函数解析与数值模拟表明,劳动力流动引致前后向联系与循环累积效应的“金融外部性”和马歇尔外部性,对于经济集聚具有明显的正向促进效应.但随着城市人口大量集聚,企业生产负外部性、劳动力拥挤成本等分散力量会降低经济集聚的程度.     

我国制造业区域集聚程度决定因素的研究

本文分析了中国近年来(1998—2003)制造业行业集聚的趋势以及影响行业集聚的微观基础。研究表明样本期间中国制造业行业集聚呈上升态势。我们利用面板数据和动态估计过程模型,一定程度上控制了现有实证研究文献中存在的一些可能造成结果偏差的缺陷。我们发现:地方保护主义在很大程度上限制了中国制造业的区域集聚。同时,溢出效应、运输成本和自然禀赋也是影响行业集聚的重要因素。     

Marshallian Externalities in Innovation

A quality ladder model is used to test for Marshallian externalities in innovation. The model predicts that, in the absence of spillovers, the geographical distribution of research should be the same as that of production. This hypothesis is strongly rejected: innovation in two-digit industries exhibits strong spatial clustering independently of the distribution of employment. We find also, in support of Romer and Lucas, that there are strong spillovers from aggregate innovative activity in a region to the research intensity of individual industries. The location of a sector's R&D activity is determined more by the location of other sectors' innovation than by the location of its own production.     

Does FDI Facilitate Domestic Entry? Evidence from the Czech Republic

This paper analyzes the impact of FDI on domestic firm entry and firm size distributions in the Czech Republic during 1994–2000. We find that larger foreign presence stimulates the entry of domestic firms within the same industry, indicating the existence of positive horizontal spillovers from FDI. We also find evidence of significant vertical entry spillovers—FDI in downstream (upstream) industries initiates entry in upstream (downstream) sectors. Our results also show that entry spillovers through vertical linkages are stronger than horizontal spillovers and that while service industries benefit from both horizontal and vertical spillovers, manufacturing industries do not experience significant positive entry spillovers of any kind. We also find that country of origin of FDI matters—horizontal spillovers are driven by FDI from the EU countries. The right skewness of the firm size distributions in industries without FDI further emphasizes an important role of FDI presence for overall industry dynamics.     

Regional foreign direct investment and technology spillover: evidence across different clusters in India

This paper examines whether there exist productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) to domestic firms at the regional level, using firm-level panel dataset covering 22 manufacturing industries in India from 2000 to 2012. In order to estimate the productivity spillovers from FDI at the regional level, we select 10 industrial clusters across 4 regions in India. In estimating productivity, we control for a possible simultaneity bias by using semi-parametric estimation techniques. We find that local firms benefit from horizontal and vertical FDI, but the benefits from the latter are found to be substantially stronger. The absorptive capacity of domestic firms is highly relevant to harvest the spilled technology from foreign-owned firms. Furthermore, we find that domestic firms belonging to high-technology industries benefit more from FDI at the regional level. We also find that market concentration is a crucial conduit for firm innovation, technological upgradation, and having a direct effect on local firm total factor productivity.     

制造业集聚经济的来源——基于企业数据的经验研究

本文基于世界银行2003年中国16个城市企业调查报告,对纺织服装业和电子设备制造业是否存在地方经济和城市经济进行了实证分析,并运用直接估计生产函数的方法判断了两个具有代表性的制造业行业集聚经济的来源,即集聚经济的外部性是来自于产业内还是产业间,并采用动态面板数据模型方法,消除了内生性.研究表明,两个行业的企业均能受益于本地同行业企业规模的扩大,而产业专业化则无益于知识溢出;电子设备制造业能受益于本地行业多样化,而在纺织服装业则不存在这种集聚经济.     

企业规模异质性与产业集聚：来自中国制造业的证据

基于中国制造业数据,本文检验了企业规模异质性与制造业地理集中的互动联系。研究表明企业规模因素对制造业地理集中具有显著影响。按素密集度对制造业的分类回归进一步表明,上述影响存在行业差异：劳动力与资源密集型行业的相关性不稳健,但资本技术密集型行业的结果是稳健的。这意味着资本技术密集型行业的企业规模分布具有地理集中倾向：大市场集中分布了更多大规模企业。这一结论表明制造业集聚具有规模异质性：小规模企业通过集聚经济,促进生产率提高形成制造业集聚,大规模企业则通过集中分布在大市场而形成制造业集聚。另外,从制造业集聚的驱动力量看,制造业集聚的强化效应与地区异质因素两股力量都在推动制造业地理集中,由此可以判断制造业集中趋势还将持续。     

The relationship among enterprise clustering,prices, and productivity in Ethiopia’s manufacturing sector

We use census panel data on Ethiopian manufacturing firms to analyze how enterprise clustering in local markets covaries with firm‐level output prices and physical productivity. We find a negative and statistically significant relationship between the density of firms that produce a given product in a given location and the local price of that product. We also find a positive and statistically significant relationship between the density of firms that produce a given product in a location and the physical productivity of same‐product firms in the location. These results are consistent with the notion that increased clustering of firms generates higher competitive pressure and positive externalities. Across firms that produce different products, we find no statistically significant relationship between enterprise clustering and firm‐level output prices and productivity. We also find no clustering effects across towns. Our results suggest that while clustering can impact firm performance, the advantages are narrow in scope.     

The productivity trend in Iran Evidence from manufacturing firms

Iran has been experiencing slow growth for the past ten years. Using plant‐level information, we show that on average firm‐specific productivity in manufacturing sectors declined at the rate of 2.6% annually, while large top decile firms experienced a modest growth in productivity between 2005 and 2011. We decompose this trend and find that within‐plant variation is its main driving force while the between firms and industries component is insignificant. We test several alternative explanations that may contribute to these negative trends. We show that the subsidy reform had a negative effect, while privatization seems to have had no effect. Private management not affected productivity growth, while firm size is associated with higher productivity growth. Also, we find that productivity growth decreases with the energy intensity of the firm. We also find that R&D expenditures significantly increase productivity growth, while the R&D sales ratio is about 0.5% in manufacturing sectors, which is about one‐fifth of the world average. A one‐percent point increase in R&D expenditures increases productivity growth by 0.5%.     

Agglomeration Economies and Productivity Growth in Manufacturing Industry: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia

This study examines the effect of agglomeration economies on productivity growth in Indonesian manufacturing industries during the first decade of this century. Productivity growth is measured at the firm level using the Färe‐Primont Productivity Index. Each firm's productivity growth is then regressed against a set of firm and industry characteristics, including three measures of agglomeration representing the effects of specialisation, diversity and competition. The results show evidence of a positive specialisation effect and a negative diversity effect for aggregate manufacturing and sub‐sectors. Furthermore, there are mixed effects across industries, suggesting that Porter's competition externalities stimulate firm productivity growth under some conditions but not others.