物流视角下的我国城市垃圾处理对策研究

分析几种传统的垃圾处理方式的缺陷,总结出只有垃圾分类才是解决我国垃圾困局的唯一出路。然后借鉴欧洲和日本的垃圾分类法,根据我国几个大城市在垃圾分类过程中遇到的一些困惑,提出一种新的分类模式。最后考虑到我国居民的生活习惯,提出几项旨在解决城市垃圾减量化和提高资源利用率的有效措施。     

Economic Incentives and Residential Waste Management in Taiwan: An Empirical Investigation

This paper presents an empirical study of how three waste management policies have affected residential waste generation and recycling behavior in Taiwan over the past decade. The three policies are unit-pricing of garbage in Taipei, a mandatory recycling program in Kaohsiung, and a nationwide policy of charging for plastic bags. We estimate policy effects on total waste, total recycling, and recycling of four specific materials, all measured by weight per capita. Unlike prior work, we find that unit-pricing and mandatory recycling policies lead to significant increases in recycling of most materials, as well as increased levels of total recycling and garbage reduction. The “plastic bag” policy is generally found to lower material-specific and total recycling rates, as well as total garbage volumes.     

广州城市生活垃圾增长与用地需求预测

采用线性回归、对数增长、固定比率增长和HP滤波趋势分析等方法对广州2010～2025年的城市生活垃圾及现有处理模式下的用地需求进行了预测。基于对广州未来城市人口基本将保持在1800万规模的判断,选取对数增长预测方法进行预测。结果表明,到2015年、2020年和2025年,广州中心城区终端垃圾处理量分别约为306万吨、320万吨和331万吨,在现有的以填埋为主的处理模式下,垃圾填埋的土地需求分别为407亩、426亩和441亩。     

Household Waste Management in a Swedish Municipality: Determinants of Waste Disposal, Recycling and Composting

This paper analyzes waste disposal, recycling and composting in a municipality in southwest Sweden. In 1994, Varberg introduced a weight-based billing system for household waste charging 1 kr/kg of waste and at the same time recycling centers were set up and a green shopping campaign was launched. This led to a significant reduction in waste collected and increased recycling. This study had access to actual measured data on waste disposal at the household level for a residential area called Tvååker, in addition to survey data for the same households. This makes it possible to carry out a more reliable and more detailed analysis than has been previously possible, particularly with respect to attitudinal variables. The most important determinants of each individual household's waste were composting of kitchen waste, living area, age and attitudes concerning the difficulty of recycling various materials. Separate sections look at composting behaviour, at willingness to pay for sound waste management and for the sake of comparison three other municipalities are also studied. The main finding is that economic incentives, although important, are not the only driving force behind the observed reduction in municipal waste: Given the proper infrastructure that facilitates recycling, people are willing to invest more time than can be motivated purely by savings on their waste management bill.     

加拿大政府的科技政策、管理与科技计划

自20世纪末,加拿大联邦政府科技政策出现重大变化。首先加强了联邦政府在科技政策方面的战略规划,提出了中长期科技发展政策和战略目标,成立国家科技与创新委员会,向内阁政府提供科技政策建议,定期发布国家科技与创新国情咨文。与此同时．加强了政府各部门之间的协调力度,将国内科技政策的制定和协调统归加拿大工业部负责。并由其负责协调实施重大国内科技专项计划,强化了政府一研究机构一企业的产学研结合。大力扶持加拿大企业的技术创新体系建设。