Foreign Investment and the Global Geography of Production: Why the Mexican Consumer Electronics Industry Failed

Explanations of industrial development in late-developing countries have become narrowly focused on the capability of governments to promote, pressure, or punish nationally-owned firms. Often overlooked is the contribution of firms, both national and multinational, in propelling, coordinating, and determining the path and location of such development. This paper examines the conditions that led to the decline of Mexico's consumer electronics industry and presents new evidence to support a more complex account of the role of both industrial and state actors within this process.In contrast to the traditional market- or state-based theories, we argue that the decline of Mexico's consumer electronics industry largely resulted from its foreign investment regime, particularly the timing of investment and the geographical locations of local and foreign manufacturers, and the subsequent depth and quality of the relationships between these firms. The differences between Mexico's regime and that of Taiwan during the same period provide further evidence of the important role that foreign firms play in inserting local suppliers into the global production chain. We argue that Mexico's foreign investment regime and the resulting weak local-foreign ties, rather than inadequate state policy, sealed the fate of Mexico's once thriving domestic electronics industry.     

福州市茉莉花茶产业发展困境与振兴之策

福州市的茉莉花种植历史悠久,福州茉莉花茶曾为福州的经济做出巨大贡献,但是从20世纪90年代开始,福州茉莉花茶产业开始走下坡路。本文从福州市茉莉花茶产业发展现状的角度出发,在分析其衰落的原因以及自身独特优势和发展机遇的基础上,提出重振福州市茉莉花茶产业的几点对策。     

警惕潜在的委内瑞拉风险

委内瑞拉是严重依赖石油出口且其潜力巨大的国家。随着查韦斯执政后的政局动荡、"新国有化"政策实施、油价起伏,石油产量、出口量整体呈降势,原拟以石油收入全面发展油气工业,调整不均衡的经济结构、大幅度提高人民生活水平的愿望也难以实现。其关键是国内外,特别是国营石油公司对石油的投资明显不足。中国对委内瑞拉投资巨大,以贷款换石油的模式已产生广泛影响。如果委政局有重大变化,油价下跌将可能使经济—社会出现动荡。中国应充分发挥合资公司各方和本地员工积极性,更全面进入油气工业上中下游各环节,助其发展,对各类政治势力进行全方位的友好交往等力争规避风险。     

灾后四川旅游业发展过程中的地方政府行为研究

四川是一个旅游资源大省,而地震灾害对四川的旅游业发展造成了很大的影响。地方政府的行为对灾后四川旅游业的发展起着至关重要的作用。文章主要探讨了灾害前四川旅游业发展现状以及灾害对四川旅游业的影响,进行了灾后四川旅游业发展过程中地方政府主导行为的必要性分析,提出了如何规范灾后四川旅游业发展过程中地方政府行为的对策建议。     

Identifying the woes of the cotton textile industry in Bengal: tales of the nineteenth century

This article seeks to answer three basic questions about the nineteenth‐century cotton textile industry in Bengal that still remain unresolved in the literature; namely, when did the industry begin to decay, what was the extent of its decay during the early nineteenth century, and what were the factors that led to this? In the absence of data on production, this article seeks to settle the debate on the basis of the industry's market performance and its consumption of raw materials. It contests the prevailing hypothesis that the industry's perpetual decline started in the late eighteenth or the early nineteenth century. Instead, it is argued that the decline started around the mid‐1820s. The pace of its decline was, however, slow though steady at the beginning, but reached crisis point by 1860, when around 563,000 workers lost their jobs. Regarding the extent of its decay, this article concludes that the industry was diminished by about 28 per cent by the mid‐1800s. However, it survived in the high‐end and low‐end domestic markets. Evidence is also gathered in favour of the hypothesis that, although British discriminatory policies undoubtedly depressed the industry's export outlet, its decay is better explained by technological innovations in Great Britain.     

出口退税调整对钢铁产业的影响以及政策建议

今年四月份以来，国家连续四次对钢铁业采取出口退税降税措施，这也导致了第三季度钢铁出口量较前一季度有所下降的局面。本文分析政府对钢铁业采取的出口退税政策及原因，以及对钢铁行业的影响，并在此基础上得出钢铁业应采取的积极对策。     

工业机器人应用对制造业就业的影响--基于中国地级市数据的实证研究

利用2013-2017年中国286个地级市的面板数据实证研究发现,工业机器人应用对中国制造业就业总量存在显著的负影响,工业机器人渗透度提升1单位将导致制造业就业总量下降3.35个百分点。针对影响制造业就业结构的实证研究发现,工业机器人应用对东部、西部地区有显著的负影响,对中部和东北地区的影响不显著,对制造业细分行业、低技能劳动者和男、女劳动者就业均存在普遍的负影响,对高技能劳动者就业存在正向影响,但不显著。深入研究后发现,工业机器人替代不是导致制造业就业下降的根本原因,而是对制造业就业岗位的补充与延伸。政府在制定针对智能制造的产业政策时,应根据地方制造业劳动供给与企业生产需求进行灵活安排。     

Technological change and the decline of the traditional pulp and paper industry in Norway, 1950–1980

Abstract

With its breakthrough around 1870, the Norwegian pulp and paper industry came to be a principal driving force in the industrialization of the country, retaining a leading position in the national economy until the mid-1950s. From that time onwards, however, the industry has experienced a relative as well as an absolute decline. Of great importance in this decline has been the fact that new technology made possible the use of all kinds of wood, which, internationally, led to a major relocation and restructuring of the industry. Technological change is, however, not sufficient to explain the decline of the Norwegian industry. National social characteristics as well as certain structural features of the industry also deserve attention.     

Retail power market competition with endogenous entry decision—An auction data analysis

Deregulation in the electric power industry has been aimed at promoting competition and thereby enhancing the industry’s efficiency. We use the auction data of public power procurements to study the impact of the reform on the retail power market in Japan. We quantify this impact by measuring a decline in power charges, controlling for the endogeneity bias caused by the entrants’ bid-submission decisions. Our results suggest that power charges would decline by about 0.48 yen/kW h on average when two or more providers bid at an auction.     

Restructuring the automotive industry in the English West Midlands

This paper investigates the changes taking places in the automotive industry in the English West Midlands. For over a century this region has been the heartland of car production in the UK, but over recent decades the volume side of the trade has been in serious decline, leading to increasing dependence on the luxury side of the industry. The implications are that the supply side of the industry will be forced to move into new technologies if the auto cluster is to prosper in future. Finally, the paper looks at the attempts made by bodies such as Advantage West Midlands and the industry itself to effect change.     

产业集聚效应与企业成长——基于广东省城市面板数据的实证研究

本文利用我国广东省21个地级以上城市29个产业2002—2006年的面板数据研究了产业集聚效应对于特定行业企业成长的影响,结果表明：在全行业样本范围内,专业化集聚效应对企业资产规模扩张有显著的正向促进作用;而多元化集聚对企业成长几乎没有影响。在分行业分析中,专业化产业集聚对基本原材料和装配制造业企业规模扩张的促进作用要大于资源依赖型和最终消费品制造业;而多元化产业集聚对所有行业中的企业成长都没有正面的促进作用,在资源依赖型行业中甚至不利于企业成长。     

沈阳服务业发展存在的问题与对策

服务业是衡量一个地区经济发展水平的重要标志。然而近年来,沈阳市的服务业占地区经济发展的比重呈下降趋势。文章研究了沈阳市服务业的现状,认为沈阳服务业的发展水平较低,存在发展滞后,结构不合理、市场化程度偏低等问题。针对目前存在的问题,本文提出了进一步发展沈阳服务业的对策建议。     

The veterinary medicine industry in Britain in the twentieth century

Economic historians have focused research effort on accounting for the growth and significance of Britain's pharmaceutical industry, but little effort has so far been directed at the veterinary medicine industry, which formed an important part of the wider sector. This article addresses that gap. Factors responsible for that sector's relative insignificance until the 1950s included a general tendency to slaughter rather than to treat sick animals, the absence of advanced medicines until the innovation of sulpha drugs and antibiotics, and difficult relations with the wider pharmaceutical industry. Thereafter output of veterinary medicines increased dramatically, arising from an exponential growth in the demand for intensively farmed poultry meat. Since the 1980s a decline in the use of drugs in agriculture has caused the industry to concentrate on the health needs of domestic animals rather than those of livestock.     

党校收入多元化的影响因素研究——来自中国47家市委党校的截面数据分析

选择中国47家市委党校的截面数据为样本,对党校收入多元化的影响因素进行实证分析。得出的结论为：党校培训容量对党校收入多元化产生了显著的正向影响,党校人力资本对党校收入多元化产生了显著的正向影响,党校所在地经济发展水平对党校收入多元化产生了显著的负向影响,党校所在地居民收入对党校收入多元化产生了显著的正向影响,党校所在地产业结构对党校收入多元化的影响不显著。     

服务业发展对地方经济波动影响的实证分析——以上海为例

通过采用1978～2009年上海的经济和产业发展时间序列资料,用HP滤波法分析了服务业发展对上海地方经济波动的影响。实证结果表明,在三次产业构成的上海国民经济总量中,服务业波动性最小但其相对波动性仍大于上海国民经济的增长波动。即虽然服务业相对于农业、工业对上海国民经济的稳定贡献大,但当前大力发展上海服务业仍是不利于地方经济稳定的。     

An analysis of the impact of the first phase of South Africa's motor industry development programme (midp), 1995–2000

The South African motor vehicle industry is an important branch of the local manufacturing sector, contributing significantly to manufacturing value added and employment. Over the last decade, the local industry has undergone a series of policy reforms, and in recent years has increasingly been exposed to globalisation. This article reviews the role of government policy in shaping the industry, and examines the impact of the first phase of the Motor Industry Development Programme on the industry for the period 1995–2000 in respect of domestic production, automotive industry employment, export performance and the automotive trade balance. The article concludes that even though the industry registered strong export growth that contributed to improving the automotive trade deficit, it was deficient in sustaining domestic production and employment levels. The imminent challenge for the local industry's development is to maintain its export growth trajectory in the long term in the absence of costly government protective incentive mechanisms.     

Deskilling and decline in skill premium during the age of sail: Swedish and Finnish seamen, 1751–1913

The study examines the evolution of skill premium and share at industry level in shipping during the age of sail. We argue that the period from the 1750s to the 1910s represented deskilling for the seamen working in sailing ships. The growth of international trade and shipping during the first era of globalization increased the overall demand for sailors but decreased the relative demand for skilled labor in favor of less skilled ones. This deskilling was associated with a decline in wage inequality, as the premium for high skilled seamen fell relative to mean wages in the shipping industry. The decline in skill premium may have facilitated the growth of trade and shipping, as the relative costs of transport declined. This in turn might have hastened the first era of globalization.     

关于中国纺织业转型与升级的思考

纺织业作为我国的传统产业,对国民经济的发展发挥着非常重要的作用。自20世纪80年代以来,纺织品服装出口一直处于全国首位,其进出口贸易的巨额顺差成为我国外汇收入和资金积累的重要来源。但是人民币持续升值,出口退税率下调,企业成本大幅度上升,美国次贷危机引发经济衰退等,使中国纺织业面临了前所未有的严峻考验与危机。本文从纺织发展的相关理论出发,结合我国纺织业的现状,提出了关于我国纺织业转型的一些建议。     

农业产业投资基金的理论与探索

近年来,农业产业投资基金在我国越来越被重视,一些地方政府和企业纷纷成立了农业产业投资基金,但由于我国农业产业投资基金成立的时间较晚,还有许多有待完善的地方,需要深入研究。基于此,文章首先对农业产业投资基金作了理论分析,然后分析了我国目前对农业产业投资基金的一些有益探索,最后提出了发展农业产业投资基金进一步的思考。     

FDI研发溢出效应对内资企业劳动生产率影响研究——以广东机动车和电子业为例

本研究比较了FDI研发活动对广东本地机动车和电子企业劳动生产率的影响.在机动车业,FDI和本地组装企业对本地零件供应企业都具有垂直溢出效应;对于水平溢出效应,以销售额为权重的水平溢出效应使得本地内资企业劳动生产率提高,而零件供应业的FDI按照人力资本为权重的水平溢出效应并没有提高本地零件供应企业的劳动生产率,竞争者之间的水平溢出效应与存在互补关系双方的垂直溢出效应相比,相对较弱.对于电子业,垂直溢出效应较小,而无论是以销售额为权重还是以就业人员为权重,电子业的水平溢出效应都不显著.