基于MFCA的废弃物回收优先排序方法及应用研究

随着资源环境问题的日益凸显,废弃物回收再利用引起了广泛关注。基于物质流成本会计（MFCA）及物质流转平衡原理,建立了将隐性成本嵌入生产工序流程的废弃物回收优先排序方法。为了验证该方法的实用性及科学性,以A钢铁企业为例进行了案例研究。结果表明：根据各工序环节的隐性成本测算结果可以确立废弃物回收优先次序,该方法能有效促进A钢铁企业环保效益与经济效益协同提升。     

地铁工程成本责任流管理原理探讨

依据责任成本管理理论,引入动态管理思想,结合地铁工程成本管控体系,界定地铁工程成本责任流内涵,提出地铁工程成本责任流构成要素和流动机理。通过地铁工程成本责任流管理,实现对成本责任在地铁工程项目内的全过程、全方位管理和控制,以达到强化地铁工程成本管理的目的。     

Cost monotonicity, consistency and minimum cost spanning tree games

We propose a new cost allocation rule for minimum cost spanning tree games. The new rule is a core selection and also satisfies cost monotonicity. We also give characterisation theorems for the new rule as well as the much-studied Bird allocation. We show that the principal difference between these two rules is in terms of their consistency properties.     

论企业社会责任的多元性

企业在为股东牟利之外，是否还应承担一定的社会责任，一直以来学术界并未形成一致的看法，并形成了反对社会责任论、单一社会责任论和多元社会责任论等三种流派。随着时代的发展，尤其是企业活动对外部社会的影响加剧，企业对利益相关者承担多元社会责任已成为一种客观必然，这不仅是外部社会对企业的要求，也是企业自身实现可持续发展的要求。但是，要求企业承担多元社会责任并不意味着要企业办社会或无限制地承担责任。     

碳排放责任模式的理论与实践

本文以一个微观实例剖析了三种碳排放责任——生产者责任、消费者责任和共同责任的理论实质。通过比较说明了共同责任的合理性;提出了按照增加值占净产出的比例来分配碳排放责任的共担责任模式,并从理论与实践两个角度论证了此模式的合理性、可行性和有效性。针对责任共担软约束的局限,建议应做植入法律义务或产权的制度安排。     

对构建和谐社会的社会责任会计的理性思考

社会经济快速发展的同时也带来了一系列问题，如环境污染、劳动保护、职工就业、养老医疗保险、失业保险、企业赞助、产品质量等、企业承担的社会责任问题就受到了越来越多的关注，社会责任会计的研究与实施就迫在眉睫。社会责任会计是社会责任与会计学的有机结合，其目的在于实现经济效益与社会效益的共同提高。     

企业社会责任探析

企业社会责任是当前社会各界普遍关注的热点问题。虽然企业是履行社会责任的主体,但企业社会责任的实现需要包括企业在内的各种力量的互动,即政府、企业、社会、公众和消费者的广泛参与和推动,法律规范与社会监督是企业履行社会责任的强大推动力。     

Strong monotonicity in surplus sharing

Summary. We consider three new axioms for surplus sharing problems. The first is strong monotonicity which says that workers should be rewarded for increases in productivity and the second says that productive workers should receive some compensation. The third requires that the surplus sharing rule should be well defined (and continuous on) the set of threshold functions. We show that none of the standard "equitable" mechanisms satisfy any of these axioms and then present a constructive characterization of mechanisms which do. Using this we construct several new mechanisms. These are the Almost Flat mechanism, the Spread Aumann-Shapley mechanism, and the Spread Serial mechanism, which have many desirable properties.Received: 15 September 2002, Revised: 11 March 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: C71, H4.I would like to thank Hervé Moulin, Rich Mclean, Yves Sprumont and an anonymous referee for helpful comments.     

The Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility and Its Limits

Companies are, in a broad sense, a group of different agents that have a relationship with shareholders, citizens, providers, and customers. In other words, they are known as stakeholders. Corporate social responsibility may help to establish clear boundaries among the different interests of the groups described above. In this paper, the authors will describe, analyze, and formalize the critical responsibility parameters, as well as the variables that shape them. Corporate social responsibility is proposed as a new management tool and not as a fashionable concept. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of corporate social responsibility will be analyzed in order to define a management model for achieving responsibility among organizations. Finally, the model limitations are presented, both in the verbal and the mathematical formalizations.

交易费用计量研究述评

交易费用的计量是交易费用经济学从理论研究走向实证研究的关键。根据交易费用的不同定义,可以将交易费用分为宏观层面上的交易费用和微观层面上的交易费用,同时将微观层面上的交易费用分为市场型、管理型和政策型交易费用。在此基础上,对有关交易费用计量的文献进行了梳理分析。分析表明,尽管近年来在交易费用的计量方面已取得不少成就,但总的来说,方法还是比较单一,尤其对非市场交易费用和政策型交易费用的计量仍然停留在经验层次,缺少对企业内部交易费用的直接计量。     

联产品协同生产的成本驱动实证研究

实证研究证明，联产品生产的协同作用也是产品成本的驱动因素。协同成本的动因在于联产品的组成变量。在联产品协同生产过程中，所采取的基于非线性成本函数的边际成本计算法，应该是数理依据严谨、实务应用可行的方法。     

Responsibility for what? Fairness and individual responsibility

What should individuals be held responsible for? This is a fundamental question in much of the contemporary debate on distributive justice. Different fairness ideals, such as strict egalitarianism, and different versions of equal opportunity ethics and libertarianism give different answers to this question. In order to study the prevalence of these fairness ideals in society, we present the results from a dictator game where the distribution phase is preceded by a production phase. Each participant's contribution is a result of working time, productivity and price. We estimate what factors the participants hold each other responsible for and the weight they attach to fairness. In addition, we discuss how fairness preferences relate to business education and labour market experiences by comparing the estimates for business students at different stages of their education, and by comparing the estimates for final-year business students with the estimates for former business students with some years of work experience.     

企业社会责任透明度、法律环境与企业价值——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

依据信息经济学,探究企业社会责任透明度对企业价值的影响机制,法律环境在企业社会责任透明度与企业价值间的调节机制。以2012—2016年的A股上市公司为样本,研究结果表明,企业社会责任透明度对企业价值有显著正向影响。其次,弱法律环境正向调节企业社会责任透明度对企业价值的影响,强法律环境负向调节企业社会责任透明度对企业价值的影响。最后,研究还发现企业异质性影响企业社会责任透明度对公司价值的影响。     

《成本会计》教学的点滴体会

《成本会计》是会计学专业的一门主要专业课，也是会计工作的一个重要组成部分。本文结合自己多年的教学经验，谈谈一些教学体会。     

政府间财政收支责任安排的地区经济增长效应

本文运用面板数据模型全面考察改革开放以来我国政府间财政收支责任安排对地区经济增长的影响,以期从地区经济增长效应视角,对我国政府间财政收支责任安排是否合理作出科学判断。研究表明,改革开放以来我国政府间总支出和社会性支出责任安排对地区经济增长具有显著抑制作用,经济性和维持性支出责任安排有助于地区经济增长但显著性较差,收入责任安排的影响则较为模糊。这些影响总体上具有显著的非线性特征,且主要与地区经济发展水平和总支出特别是社会性支出责任安排有关:当地区经济发展和总支出特别是社会性支出分权程度超过一定阀值时,适当集权将有助于优化收支责任安排,促进地区经济增长;1994年分税制改革以来,我国总支出和社会性支出责任安排不合理状况得到明显改善,但经济性支出分权和维持性支出集权进程偏快,总体上不利于地区经济增长。     

Distribution and drivers of costs in type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with oral hypoglycemic agents: a retrospective claims data analysis

Objective:

To describe the distribution of costs and to identify the drivers of high costs among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) receiving oral hypoglycemic agents.

Methods:

T2DM patients using oral hypoglycemic agents and having HbA1c test data were identified from the Truven MarketScan databases of Commercial and Medicare Supplemental insurance claims (2004–2010). All-cause and diabetes-related annual direct healthcare costs were measured and reported by cost components. The 25% most costly patients in the study sample were defined as high-cost patients. Drivers of high costs were identified in multivariate logistic regressions.

Results:

Total 1-year all-cause costs for the 4104 study patients were $55,599,311 (mean cost per patient?=?$13,548). Diabetes-related costs accounted for 33.8% of all-cause costs (mean cost per patient?=?$4583). Medical service costs accounted for the majority of all-cause and diabetes-related total costs (63.7% and 59.5%, respectively), with a minority of patients incurring >80% of these costs (23.5% and 14.7%, respectively). Within the medical claims, inpatient admission for diabetes-complications was the strongest cost driver for both all-cause (OR?=?13.5, 95% CI?=?8.1–23.6) and diabetes-related costs (OR?=?9.7, 95% CI?=?6.3–15.1), with macrovascular complications accounting for most inpatient admissions. Other cost drivers included heavier hypoglycemic agent use, diabetes complications, and chronic diseases.

Limitations:

The study reports a conservative estimate for the relative share of diabetes-related costs relative to total cost. The findings of this study apply mainly to T2DM patients under 65 years of age.

Conclusions:

Among the T2DM patients receiving oral hypoglycemic agents, 23.5% of patients incurred 80% of the all-cause healthcare costs, with these costs being driven by inpatient admissions, complications of diabetes, and chronic diseases. Interventions targeting inpatient admissions and/or complications of diabetes may contribute to the decrease of the diabetes economic burden.     

全国城镇有机废弃物生成、利用和排放状况的初步分析

本文利用城镇人口和行业生产及环境特点，对我国城镇的有机废弃物生成量、利用量和排放量进行了估算，并对它们的潜在性资源价值和环境影响作出定量评价。这一结果对制定我国城镇有机废弃物的环境管理政策和开发利用这一资源有着基础重要性。     

基于环境价值链的绿色产品设计成本分析模型

本文在分析产品多生命周期的闭环物流链的基础上 ,借助供应链和价值链的概念 ,阐述了环境价值链的内涵及其分析流程。在此基础上 ,运用基于作业的成本分析 (ABC)法 ,全面论述了绿色产品设计各个阶段的成本分析函数 ,建立产品全生命周期的成本分析模型。通过经济性分析 ,发现差距 ,指导企业改进产品设计 ,以达到节约资源、保护环境、降低产品生命周期成本的目的 ,提高企业的经济效益和生态效益。     

世界企业社会责任研究与实践概述

文章对当今世界企业社会责任领域的学术研究和实践情况进行概述。对企业社会责任研究领域的基本概念、理论、该领域研究的主要课题等进行简要介绍。对实践领域中企业社会责任活动的基本争议,企业社会责任活动的动因,企业社会责任与经济、政治和环境的关系,企业社会责任量具的发展,国际社会企业社会责任发展状况等进行概述。