外部冲击、货币政策困境与通货膨胀目标制

外部冲击会对一国宏观经济在短期内造成严重影响。中国长期潜在经济增长率已经明显下行,短期内又受到新冠肺炎疫情流行、国际原材料价格大幅波动、美国对华政策收紧等负面因素叠加影响,扩张性的货币政策对于宏观经济的推动作用逐渐减弱的同时还不断积累长期潜在风险,货币政策已经陷入比较明显的政策困境。长期内中央银行应该确立货币政策中性的理念,构建通货膨胀目标制的货币政策框架,通过确立一个较长时间内清晰的通货膨胀率目标,稳定社会公众的通胀预期,从而使中央银行享有更大的货币政策空间,实现促进就业和经济增长的双重宏观目标。     

外部冲击与中国的通货膨胀

本文在充分考察全球流动性的转化、国际大宗商品价格的传导、人民币汇率升值的紧缩效应、国际利率的影响以及价格扭曲效应为外部冲击所放大等典型化事实基础上,应用扩展的菲利普斯曲线方程和VAR模型对外部冲击影响国内通胀进行了经验研究。计量结果表明:短期内,国际食品价格是导致国内物价上涨的主要因素;国际原油价格对国内物价的影响在中长期逐步上升;人民币升值抑通胀的效果要经过一段时间才能体现出来;国际利率变化对国内物价有影响;全球流动性的转化因央行的有效对冲对物价的直接影响并不明显。综合而言,外部冲击只是导致通胀的因素之一,而GDP增长率仍是影响物价的最主要因素。因此,防止经济增长过快,调整要素价格抑制投资需求膨胀,以及提高汇率机制弹性以增强货币政策独立性并使之成为应对外部冲击的第一道防线,将是治理中国通胀的根本途径。     

外部冲击对通货膨胀的影响：述评与进展

本文梳理了外部冲击及其对通货膨胀影响的相关文献。本文指出,外部冲击和通货膨胀动态特征的研究密切相关,这是因为,在日益开放的宏观经济环境下,外部冲击的影响已经构成我国通货膨胀特征的重要因素。同时．我国通货膨胀的动态特征也成为检验外部冲击理论是否符合实际的重要标准。目前国内的相关文献并没有将外部冲击和通胀动态特征有机结合,并且在建立理论或实证模型来分析外部冲击对我国国内通货膨胀影响时,没有充分揭示不完全汇率传递效应在外部冲击的通胀影响方面的作用机制。在此影响下,该领域的研究,尤其是理论研究中对外部冲击的通胀效果的结论与现实情况有较大差距,并不能充分解释外部冲击对通货膨胀的缓慢且滞后的影响。本文提出．为了刻画符合我国通货膨胀动态特征的外部冲击影响,该领域的分析不能忽视不完全汇率传递效应及其在外部冲击影响过程中的作用机制。     

成本冲击、通货膨胀与货币政策——基于总供给-总需求框架的实证分析

本文系统地回顾了有关中国通货膨胀的文献,我们发现,现有的研究通常偏重于数据挖掘,而忽视了普适性宏观经济理论的约束,因而所得出的结论其经济学含义值得商榷。尽管总供给-总需求框架是十分简洁的宏观分析框架,但是很少有人用它的具体方程来推导通货膨胀的决定式,并将所得来的决定式用之进行中国的实证分析,使理论研究与实证分析相互印证。本文创新性地在总供给-总需求框架下,首先对封闭经济下的通货膨胀成因做了较为深入分析,接着将模型推广到开放经济中以获得计量上可估的线性方程,并利用中国的数据进行了实证分析。结果表明,中国通胀的形成是由供给面和需求面两方面因素共同决定的,这也在数量上验证了总供给-总需求框架在中国的适用性。其中,产出缺口增大、劳动力增速放缓、货币增速变大、人民币实际有效汇率同比增速减缓、大宗商品价格增速走高都显著性地导致通胀率的抬升,且它们对于通货膨胀的影响的显现具有一定的时滞性。鉴于此,我们建议,当经济体遭遇供给冲击(刘易斯拐点、大宗商品价格高企等)时,货币政策尤其需要审慎,以避免因刺激性宏观政策形成成本推动与需求拉动相互强化所导致的螺旋式价格上涨。     

货币政策预期与通货膨胀管理——基于消息冲击的DSGE分析

本文在新凯恩斯DSGE的框架下,从消息冲击的视角,区分并探讨了预期与未预期的货币政策冲击对我国通货膨胀的作用。同时,通过中美政策作用比较,以及参数和预期结构替换,探寻我国货币政策作用特征的根源及其机制。主要结论为:(1)我国货币政策预期冲击的效果要远强于未预期冲击;(2)与美国相比,我国货币政策的调控力度更大、持续性更小且存在轻微超调;(3)我国货币政策的特征源于经济主体的短视预期以及央行货币政策的不连贯性。本文的政策启示包括:(1)央行应通过沟通等形式引导公众预期以增强政策效果;(2)尽力避免相机抉择式的政策制定方式,保持货币政策的持续性;(3)货币政策应言行一致。概言之,我国货币政策应该更加透明、连贯和可信。     

结构性通货膨胀与货币政策

回顾了上一轮结构性通货膨胀,对从紧的货币政策进行了反思,从数量工具和价格工具两个方面考察了政策当局运用从紧的货币政策治理结构性通货膨胀的效果,并对其中原因作出了分析。认为结构性通货膨胀并非总需求大于总供给,即有效供给不足的通货膨胀。因此,用紧缩货币供应量的手段来控制,不但达不到抑制价格上涨的效果,反而不能与经济发展相适应,也为后来的应对金融危机增加了不小的障碍。另一个重要结论是,可以参考泰勒规则,将短期利率工具与核心物价水平以及失业率挂钩,依据经济状态进行调整。因此,结合核心物价水平和失业率来调整货币政策,在中国当前情况下,是具有现实意义的。     

货币政策、国际石油价格波动与通货膨胀

本文通过构建DCC-MVGARCH模型分析我国通货膨胀与国际石油价格以及货币供应量之间的动态相关关系.横型结果显示我国通货膨胀水平与国际石油价格之间的动态相关关系较弱,而与货币供应量之间的关系较强,说明我国通货膨胀主要受到货币供应量影响,而与国际石油价格波动关系不大.并提出结论和政策建议.     

我国国际收支对货币政策独立性的冲击

随着我国经济对外开放程度的日益提高,货币政策的传导机制已经不完全取决于国内的经济变量,因此,研究来自外部经济因素的影响就越发显得重要.本文通过Granger影响关系、VAR模型的冲击反应和误差方差分解方法证实了,在开放经济条件下我国国际收支状况的变化引致通货膨胀和国内生产总值的变动,继而揭示了外部冲击对我国货币政策独立性具有影响.     

通货膨胀、金融加速器与货币政策选择

保持物价稳定是货币政策的重要目标之一,货币政策的动态有效性的研究具有重要意义。根据金融加速器的DSGE模型,对中国治理通货膨胀的货币政策有效性及选择问题进行分析研究可发现:货币政策存在非对称的金融加速器效应,货币政策效果会通过成本渠道传导,引起资产价格波动,从而推高物价;短期内中国出现滞胀的可能性较小,但是中长期仍面临增速放缓和通胀压力。增强货币政策的灵活性和前瞻性、积极推进金融体制改革、扩大中小企业融资规模有助于提高货币政策有效性。     

通货膨胀测度与货币政策

中央银行要实现最终标题通货膨胀的稳定,需要了解物价变动最基本的趋势,识别通货膨胀信号中的临时性噪音,分析导致物价波动的政策影响因素,才能对经济信息进一步作出合理反应。因此,测度通货膨胀,尤其是测度核心最终消费价格成为世界各国中央银行普遍的做法。核心通货膨胀的测度有统计途径和建模途径两大类方法。计量建模的测度多为经济学家所采用,各国中央银行一般采用统计途径测算,其中以剔除法最为基本。依据当前可以获取的居民消费价格指数(CPI)数据,我们测算了较为切合中国实际的核心CPI指标。     

渐进性通货膨胀与我国货币政策失灵——以区域金融差异为视角

作为应对通货膨胀的主要宏观调控措施,货币政策历来都受到各国中央银行的重视.但是,从2006年开始的本轮通货膨胀中,中国政府屡次动用紧缩性货币政策的结果是消费物价指教的渐进攀升.本文从中国区域金融差异的角度分析了渐进性通货膨胀的原因,并在分析全国统一货币政策失灵机制的基础上为将来可能的区域性货币政策的实施提出了相关建议.     

Selecting Your Inflation Targeters: Background and Performance of Monetary Policy Committee Members

Abstract. This paper starts by describing the composition of monetary policy committees (MPCs) in inflation‐targeting and non‐targeting countries. The experience of MPC members on their inflation performance is then compared, opposing inflation targeters with non‐targeters. Our sample covers the major Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, in the period 1999–2008. Our results first show that MPCs are different in inflation‐targeting (versus non‐targeting) countries. They also reveal that policy‐makers' backgrounds influence inflation, and that the influence of MPCs' experience is much greater in inflation‐targeting countries, while size effects are more important for committees that do not target inflation.     

The Politics of Canadian Monetary Policy: Reassessing Canadian Inflation,Part II

This is the second installment of a two-part article on Canadian inflation. This article builds on the traditional conflict theory of inflation by applying insights from the post-Keynesian and micro-politics theories of money and central bank policy. It argues that the Bank of Canada’s inflation targets — not just inflation itself — have to be understood in terms of social conflict and power. This analysis extends the evidence on the distributive implications of Canadian inflation offered in Part I.     

Indian Monetary Policy in the Time of Inflation Targeting and Demonetization

This paper provides a narrative of Indian monetary policy since the North Atlantic Financial Crisis (NAFC) in the mid‐2008 till the current period. The period 2009–2013 was dominated by the joint monetary and fiscal stimuli of the Indian authorities prompted by the NAFC. These, along with some structural shocks and a hands‐off attitude in forex market intervention, could have had their role in rising inflation and external account instability (leading up to the taper tantrum episode). In such a backdrop, after considerable discussion during 2013–2014, a Monetary Policy Framework Agreement was signed between the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India on February 20, 2015 that formally adopted flexible inflation targeting (IT) in India. While the IT regime so far has coincided with significant reduction in inflation in India, the atmosphere has been benign. Now that fuel prices have started moving in the north‐east direction, the government has proposed a revised framework for the minimum support price in the Union Budget for 2018–2019 and fiscal slippages have started happening, it remains to be seen whether IT can wither more rough weather in the days to come. Finally, in recent years, Indian monetary policy has been dominated by two significant events: the emergence of significant deterioration of Indian public sector balance sheets, and the demonetization episode in November 2016. Monetary policy in both of these periods wrestled with fashioning an appropriate strategy for managing the impossible trinity.     

货币政策透明度的结构与体系的非完整性

本文通过分析货币政策透明度基本结构的合理性,以及三类透明度所发挥的不同作用,提出透明度建设不仅仅是透明程度的提高,更要注重透明度体系的完善.并且,针对我国目前不存在目标透明度,也不能建立目标透明度的事实,建议注重知识透明度的建设及其作用的发挥,使市场主体可以深入学习和理解央行的经济模型和货币政策决策规则,从而发挥货币政策透明度应有的作用.     

Alternative Monetary Targets,Instruments and Future Monetary Policy Frameworks

ABSTRACT

This article expands on the debate of whether merely controlling inflation can be considered a good outcome in terms of monetary policy, discussing proposals for adopting alternative monetary targets (e.g., price level, nominal GDP), alternative instruments (e.g., monetary finance, central bank digital currencies), for enlarging central banks' mandates (e.g., incorporating employment, wages, inequality, environmental objectives) and for the design of future monetary policy frameworks.

We argue that in the coming years, central banks should not simply maintain their pre-2008 standards by de-implementing unconventional monetary policies. Instead, they must take advantage of their past and recent experiences in order to improve, under an evolutionary perspective, future monetary policy and financial stability frameworks. Based on this, measures implemented since the 2008 crisis would have three possible treatments in new frameworks: i) be discarded, due to their predominantly adverse effects; ii) not be regularly implemented, but be used as backstop mechanisms if needed; iii) be incorporated as regular measures of monetary policy/financial stability frameworks. Accordingly, monetary and financial stability authorities will increasingly need to evolve and engage in a continuously adaptive and innovative process in order to face challenges posed by financial markets that are becoming more dynamic, innovative, complex, interconnected and globalised.     

关于我国货币政策促进经济增长的研究

人民银行货币政策目标是:保持人民币币值稳定并以此促进经济增长,所以搞清楚货币政策与通货膨胀、经济增长的关系就十分必要。通过计量分析可以得出:货币供应量M1的增长是推动GDP增长的主要因素,财政支出增长不是推动GDP增长的因素,但是不能否定其在反经济危机中的巨大作用;货币供应量M1的增长是推动CPI增长的主要因素;在制定货币供应量政策时,既要考虑到推动GDP增长的目的,也要受到CPI上涨的制约,需要在二者之间权衡;在制定利率政策时要研究均衡的利率,实际利率要向均衡利率靠近,并且要随着经济情况的变化及时调整,以达到最大的资本积累量,保证我国的长期经济增长。     

紧缩性货币政策复出的必要性分析

2007年12月的中央经济工作会议明确提出,2008年我国货币政策将从稳健性货币政策转化为从紧的货币政策.这是十年来我国货币政策方向的首次转变.货币政策转变的原因和影响成为理论界关注的焦点.本文分析了紧缩性货币政策复出的必要性及在通货膨胀的压力下,紧缩性货币政策给我国经济生活带来的影响.     

Globalization, Financial Volatility and Monetary Policy

Recently it has often been claimed that globalization eases the job of central banks as it helps to tame inflation. This is used to argue that central banks (particularly the ECB, referring to the objectives as laid down in the EU Treaty) could or should reduce their efforts in the fight against inflation in favor of supporting the general economic policies of the governments. This paper takes a critical look at this argument, pointing to the structural changes associated with globalization and to the corresponding increase in uncertainty by which the central banks are affected. As an example of this, the increase in financial volatility is analyzed and explained as the result of optimal portfolio allocation, and its implications for monetary policy are discussed.