相对贫困对农村劳动力迁移决策的影响研究——来自江西的经验分析

相对贫困假说认为影响农民外出务工的因素不仅仅在于城乡两地的绝对收入差距．也在于农民在农村参照系内感受到的相对贫困程度。本文基于作者2006年对江西两村54户家庭、183位个体劳动力的问卷访谈数据,验证了相对贫困对农民迁移决策的显著影响;研究同时发现可耕地数量与农民迁移决策的非线性关系,“种田可以解决温饱问题,却不能解决收入问题”;教育支出已成为影响农户经济决策的重要因素之一,大量农民因孩子的教育费用而离家务工。     

民营企业迁移的类型及其策略研究

文章指出,区域迁移作为民营企业扩张的一条重要途径,已为越来越多的民营企业所接受和实施。企业迁移是企业决策者综合考虑企业各种内部和外部因素之后做出的战略选择。根据企业迁移的需要,存在着生存型、机会型和政策追逐型迁移等类型,通过采取成本领先型、差异型、群聚型以及多元化等各种企业迁移策略,可以谋求企业新的竞争优势。     

Job stress in Japanese academia: The role of relative income,time allocation by task,and children

We examine the role of income relative deprivation, time allocation by task, and children in the job stress experienced by Japanese academics. Males’ job stress increases when their incomes are lower than that of their peers’, but females are not susceptible to such income comparisons. Job stress decreases with hours spent on research, provided the hours are not excessive; however, hours spent in teaching and on administrative tasks always increase job stress. The presence of young children increases job stress only for females, and children largely explain the observed gender differences in job-related stress.     

Subjective well-being and its determinants in rural China

A national household survey for 2002, containing a specially designed module on subjective well-being, is used to estimate pioneering happiness functions in rural China. The variables that are predicted by economic theory to be important for happiness prove to be relatively unimportant. Our analysis suggests that we need to draw on psychology and sociology if we are to understand. Rural China is not a hotbed of dissatisfaction with life, possibly because most people are found to confine their reference groups to the village. Relative income within the village and relative income over time, both in the past and expected in the future, are shown to be important for current happiness, whereas current income is less so. Even amidst the poverty of rural China, attitudes, social comparisons and aspirations influence subjective well-being. The implications of the findings for the future and for policy are considered.     

Determinants of return migration intentions: Evidence from Zimbabwean migrants living in South Africa

This paper uses a dataset of Zimbabwean migrants living in South Africa to examine the determinants of the probability of their returning to their country of origin. It analyses migrants' return migration intentions using a logistic regression that examines 10 demographic and socioeconomic factors. Six factors – reason for migrating, the number of dependants supported in the home country, the level of education, economic activity in the host country, the level of income and the duration of stay in the host country – are found to be statistically significant determinants of the return migration intentions. The main policy implication of these findings is that the chances of attracting back skills are high if political and economic stability can be achieved.     

A Tale of Two Countries and Two Stages: South Africa,China and the Lewis Model

The paper compares the economic progress of two countries, South Africa and China, in relation to the Lewis model. These economies are chosen because they have interesting similarities and also interesting differences. At the start of economic reform in China and with the advent of democracy in South Africa, both countries had surplus labour: they were at the first, labour-surplus, stage of the Lewis model. It is shown that, since then, South Africa has continued to experience surplus labour: the unemployment rate has risen. By contrast, China’s labour market is shown to have tightened, and there is evidence that China has entered the second, labour-scarce, stage of the Lewis model. The difference lies in their growth rates. There are sections explaining why the South African economy has grown slowly and why the Chinese economy has grown rapidly, in relation to the growth of their labour forces. The Lewis model provides an enlightening framework for explaining how widely the fruits of economic development can be shared.     

父母外出务工对农村留守儿童身心健康的影响研究

基于2015-2016年五个国定贫困县137所农村小学两期追踪调查数据,文章利用倾向得分匹配与差分模型相结合的方法实证分析了农村劳动力外出务工对留守儿童身心健康的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,父母外出总体上并不会影响儿童的身体健康,但对儿童的心理健康有显著的消极影响。进一步的检验发现,父母外出务工的"分离效应"会显著降低儿童的身心健康水平,而"收入效应"会显著改善儿童的身心健康,抵消"分离效应"的负面影响。在留守儿童规模不断扩大的背景下,充分发挥父母外出的"收入效应",减少"分离效应"是缓解农村留守儿童身心健康问题的基本思路。     

Migration,Ethnicity, and the Educational Gradient in the Jakarta Mega-Urban Region: A Spatial Analysis

The Jakarta mega-urban region (MUR) is one of the largest such regions in the world. In this article, we revisit Castles’s seminal 1967 article, based on the 1961 Population Census of Indonesia, on the educational and ethnic composition of Jakarta. Using data from the full-count 2010 Population Census, we examine spatial patterns in the educational gradients of the population across the Jakarta MUR and look to determine whether these patterns can be explained by internal migration and ethnic composition at the kecamatan (subdistrict) level. We find that population movement from the core to the outer areas has softened the historically extremely sharp gradation in educational attainment across the MUR. We show the dominance of the Sundanese and Bantenese ethnic groups in the rural hinterlands of the MUR, where the average educational attainment is relatively low, and note this question of rurality versus ethnicity when interpreting our results.     

新疆区域内人口迁移现状及效果评价

人口迁移对区域经济和社会发展将产生重要影响,需要统筹考虑。本文根据第六次全国人口普查新疆数据,以新疆南疆、北疆和东疆地区为研究单元,从迁移数量、性别、年龄、受教育水平、职业、迁移流向和迁移原因等七个方面分析了新疆区域内人口迁移的现状,即区域内迁移人口呈现“北多南少”的态势、净迁移人口中女性人口多于男性人口、中青年人口是新疆区域内迁移人口的主体、迁移人口教育水平呈现“北高南低”的态势等,同时认为务工经商和随迁家属是区域内人口迁移的主要原因;最后对新疆区域内人口迁移的效果进行了评价。