欧洲诸港:千差万别的运作方式

去年,仅欧洲与东亚之间的进出口集装箱运输量就达470万TEU(标准集装箱单位).其中,中国大陆为43.7万标箱,占9.3%.欧洲能有如此大的集装箱运量并不为奇,因为,大部分欧洲港口已拥有处理贵重集装箱的先进设备.     

The Informational Role of Manufacturer Returns Policies: How They Can Help in Learning the Demand

Returns policies are usually thought of as being a way to insure retailers against excess inventory. The work of Pellegrini (1986), Chu (1993), Lin (1993) and Padmanabhan and Png (1997) highlights the fact that there is considerably more to returns policies than just a mechanism for insurance. Our work identifies a heretofore undocumented rationale for returns policy: its role in learning the demand for a new product. The model of manufacturer–retailer interaction assumes that the demand is uncertain but correlated across time periods. Thus, its true nature is revealed over time via the realization of sales. The speed of such learning depends on the size of the inventory at the retail level which in turn can be strategically influenced by the manufacturer through a returns policy. In such environments, we show that a returns policy may be a way for the manufacturer to learn the demand of a new product.     

提升我国医药制造业国际竞争力的思考

医药制造业是目前世界上发展最快、竞争最激烈的高技术产业之一,近年来我国医药制造业整体水平不断提高,但从具体指标来分析,我国医药制造业国际竞争力偏低,仍需进一步提升。本文分析当前我国医药制造业发展的现状以及国际竞争力的状况,就如何提升我国医药制造业国际竞争力提出了几点建议。     

Women in Advertisements: Retrospect and Prospect

This article provides a comprehensive review of research and commentary on the use and reaction to women in advertisements in the last decade for the purpose of projecting future trends. Specifically, trends in sex-role differentiation and sex in advertising are examined and discussed. The authors conclude that the 1980's will exhibit a larger proportion of advertisements featuring women in work-related settings in parity occupations with men. Sex in advertising is expected to become more explicit. However, use of women as sex objects will decline.     

汽车市场,广告烧钱可以休亦!

现今,中国汽车市场竞争已经进入品牌时代。艾力森研究发现,原来的产品创新、技术创新随着产品的同质化,已经失去竞争的威力。而随之显现的是服务满意度,是营销管理,是广告策略和效果,即真正的品牌竞争战咯。因此,我们认为,汽车行业的火烧广告等许多落后的营销行为已经到了非彻底扬弃不可的时候了。     

Urban Perceptions of Print Advertisements in the Indian Subcontinent:

This exploratory research investigates the relationship between the degree of westernization of urban consumers in India and their perceptions toward American origin print advertisements versus print advertisements of Indian origin of the same products. The study also explores the relationship between the advertising perceptions and the behavioral intention to buy the advertised product. The results indicate that the educated, middle-class, urban respondents, irrespective of their degree of westernization, seem to like both the Indian as well as the American advertisements. The findings seem to favor the case of standardization of advertising messages. The results also indicate that there is a positive relationship between the attitude towards the advertisement (Aad) and the behavioral intention to buy (BIB) the advertised product.     

Vertical Relationships in the Automotive Industry: Do They Matter?

In this note we examine how vertical relationships are related to the efficiency of the operations in the automotive production chain. We first provide an overview of the nature of supplier arrangements by comparing current practices in the countries Japan, US, and Germany. Current best practices show that vertical linkages in the automotive industry have shifted away from simple market transactions and now involve closer long-term interactions coupled however with subtle incentive elements. We outline the economic issues which are present in vertical relationships and include a brief account of differing theoretical perspectives. Then, we use a refined methodology to measure productivity at the industry level for the supplier industries automotive parts and metalworking and for the final assembly industry. It turns out that Japanese industries achieve the highest productivity level at the supplier and at the assembly level. We interpret the empirical results and relate the differences in vertical arrangemen s with the efficiency of both parts in the relation.     

Business Codes of Multinational Firms: What Do They Say?

Business codes are an oft-cited management instrument. But how common are codes among multinationals? And what is their content? In an unprecedented study, the codes of the largest corporations in the world have been collected and thoroughly analyzed. This paper presents the results of that study. Of the two hundred largest companies in the world, 52.5% have a code. More than half of these codes describe company responsibilities regarding quality of products and services (67%), adherence to local laws and regulations (57%) and the protection of the natural environment (56%). Many codes make reference to principles governing stakeholder relations (e.g. transparency (55%), honesty (50%) and fairness (45%)), corporate core values (e.g. teamwork (43%)), appropriate conduct among employees (e.g. discrimination (44%) and intimidation (43%)) and treatment of company property by employees (e.g. conflict of interests (52%), corruption (46%) and fraud (45%)). Monitoring compliance with the code is addressed in 52% of the codes. Based on this content study, three types of codes are distinguished: the stakeholder statute (72%), the values statement (49%) and the code of conduct (46%). The results of this inquiry present a benchmark for the evaluation and development of both individual and international business codes.     

Celebrity Endorsements in Advertisements and Consumer Perceptions: A Cross-Cultural Study

ABSTRACT

We studied consumer perceptions of celebrity endorsements from a cross-cultural perspective. In empirically examining consumer perception of celebrity endorsement, we used Hofstede's cultural dimensions to develop research propositions and examined these propositions through focus group discussions involving consumers from India and the United States. Findings indicated that specific differences and similarities exist in how consumers across India and the United States perceive celebrity endorsements. There is a positive, although moderate, impact of celebrity endorsements on attention and exposure of consumers. Implications for marketers as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.     

Quantity Surcharges: Are They Important in Choosing a Shopping Strategy?

Instead of making value-price comparisons for all members of a product set, consumers may decide to adopt simple purchase decision rules such as larger sizes are better buys. When the unit price of a larger size is greater than the unit price of a smaller size, a quantity surcharge exists. Previous research has established that consumers do frequently encounter quantity surcharges in purchasing grocery products. However, estimates of the amount of the surcharge, the goal of this research, have not previously been reported. In this study the expected return from using the larger-size rule was estimated. The estimation procedure made use of price and size information gathered for all available packages of 23 products sold in 15 grocery stores in one rural Illinois community in October 1981. Nineteen of the 23 grocery products were found to have surcharges, with the mean amount ranging from less than one cent to 65 cents. Tuna fish was the only product for which the expected value of the return from buying a larger size rather than a smaller size was negative. Implications for consumers' choice of shopping strategies are discussed.     

Cina's National Pharmaceutical Industry: A Grim Situation

China'slargestpharmaceuticalenterprisetheNorthChinaPharmaceuticalCo.-achievedoutputvalueofRMB3.54billionin1998,2.4%ofMerk's(UScompany)salesvalueofethicalmedicines.InfluxofforeignmedicinesOctober6,1999wasthe10thanniversaryofthefoundingofPfizer(China)C...     

The Abandoned Stakeholders: Pharmaceutical Companies and Research Participants

Most discussions concerned with advancing the just and ethical treatment of research participants in developing countries have revolved around the moral principle of autonomy and the legal doctrine of informed consent (O’Neill 2002). However, if emerging ethical concerns are to be addressed effectively, the discussion needs to expand into the domain of business ethics where arguments addressing issues such as fair/appropriate compensation, entitlement, and corporate obligations to stakeholders are commonplace. The argument I present in this paper will conclude that emerging ethical considerations regarding the treatment of research participants in developing countries have evolved well beyond the scope of the principle of informed consent and that in order to resolve these concerns more appropriately and effectively, the new default or status quo should be to consider research participants as stakeholders of the sponsoring pharmaceutical company, even after the clinical trial is completed. This conclusion is significant because although it is fair to assume that, at some point in the timeline, most stakeholder theorists already do consider research participants stakeholders of the pharmaceutical company sponsoring the trial, the completion date of the clinical trial usually signifies and marks the termination of their stakeholder status and thus any consideration of what is owed further to the research participant.     

Ethical Considerations in the Use of Direct-To-Consumer Advertising and Pharmaceutical Promotions: The Impact on Pharmaceutical Sales and Physicians

The influence of direct-to-consumer advertising and physician promotions are examined in this study. We further examine some of the ethical issues which may arise when physicians accept promotional products from pharmaceutical companies. The data revealed that direct-to-consumer advertising is likely to increase the request rates of both the drug category and the drug brand choices, as well as the likelihood that those drugs will be prescribed by physicians. The data further revealed that the majority of responding physicians were either neutral or did not feel that accepting some types of gifts from pharmaceutical companies affected their ethical behaviors.     

Failure Rates for Female‐Controlled Businesses: Are They Any Different?

Previous research has found that female-owned businesses generally underperform male-owned businesses on a variety of measures such as revenue, profit, growth, and discontinuance (failure) rates. It has been suggested that this finding might be the result of systematic differences between male- and female-owned businesses, particularly industry differences. This paper analyzes data from a representative sample of 8,375 small and medium-sized Australian enterprises that originally were surveyed in 1994–95, with follow-up surveys in each of the subsequent three years for a subsample of businesses. The aim was to determine whether female-owned businesses exhibit higher failure rates than male-owned businesses and, if so, whether this finding persists after controlling for industry differences. The results suggest that while female-owned businesses do have higher failure rates compared to male-owned businesses, the difference is not significant after controlling for the effects of industry.     

从网络广告监管到网络广告治理——公共治理的视角分析

目前,我国网络广告正在逐步勃兴,与此同时,传统的广告监督管理体制与网络广告发展不相适应的问题也日益突出,引发了许多矛盾和冲突。面对市场和政府的双失灵,实现由传统的网络广告监管向网络广告治理的转变成为必然选择。网络广告治理是一项系统工程,单纯依靠政府职能部门无法实现预期效果,需要政府、社会组织、民众等多方共同参与,强调服务导向和参与意识,明确各自的责任,从而形成良好的合作网络,实现网络广告的有效治理。