The integration of Eurodollar and U. S. money market interest rates in the futures market

Zusammenfassung Die Integration der Eurodollar-und US-Geldmarkts?tze auf dem Terminmarkt. —In diesem Aufsatz wird die Beziehung zwischen den Termins?tzen für Eurodollars, amerikanische Schatzwechsel und amerikanische verbriefte Termineinlagen untersucht. Dabei wird die Granger-Kausalit?t unter Verwendung der t?glichen Preis?nderungen für Kontrakte zum Juni, September und Dezember {dy1982} getestet. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, da\ sich die Preise auf den Terminm?rkten für Eurodollars und für amerikanische Geldmarktinstrumente gleichzeitig anpassen, ganz im Gegensatz zum Kassamarkt. Dieses unterschiedliche Verhalten beider M?rkte kann durch institutionelle Hindernisse (z. B. Restriktionen bei der Zulassung von Banken und hinsichtlich der Kapitalstr?me), strukturelle Besonderheiten der M?rkte (Mindestbetr?ge für Transaktionen und die Marktmacht einiger Banken) und/oder Transaktionskosten erkl?rt werden. Die Bildung von Terminm?rkten in den Vereinigten Staaten und in Gro\britannien k?nnte dazu beitragen, die Zahl der Marktteilnehmer auf den internationalen Geldm?rkten zu vergr?\ern und bisher bestehende Marktunvollkommenheiten zu verringern.

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Résumé L’intégration des taux d’intérêt du marché monétaire des E.U. et d’Eurodollar sur les marchés à terme. —Cet article analyse la relation entre les opérations à terme d’Eurodollar, des bons du Trésor des E.U. et des certificats de dép?t sur des contrats à terme des banques locales des E.U. Les auteurs appliquent les procédures de causalité de Granger et utilisent les données sur les changements des prix quotidiens pour les opérations en Juin, Septembre et Décembre 1982. Ils conclurent que les prix des opérations à terme d’Eurodollar et d’instrument financier du marché monétaire des E.U. changent simultanément. Sur le marché au comptant, cependant, il y a une évidence répétée que des ajustements de prix ne sont pas simultanés. La conduite dissimilaire sur les deux marchés peut être expliquée par la présence des barrières institutionelles (par exemple des restrictions sur l’entrée des banques et sur les flux des capitaux), par des caractéristiques de la structure de marché (le volume minimum des transactions et le pouvoir de marché de quelques banques), et/ou des frais de transaction. L’établissement des marchés à terme dans les E.U. aussi bien que dans le R.U. peut contribuer à augmenter le nombre des participants sur les marchés monétaires internationaux et peut reduire des imperfections quelconques qui peut-être avaient existé dans le passé.

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Resumen Integración de las tasas de interés de los mercados eurodólar y monetario de los EEUU a los mercados de futuro. —En este artículo se analiza la relación entre los contratos a futuro del eurodólar, valores del Tesoro de los EEUU y los C.D. de la banca doméstica norteamericana. Se utilizan los procedimientos de causalidad de Granger y los datos son los cambios diarios de precios para los contratos de junio, septiembre y diciembre de 1982. Este articulo concluye que la relación de los cambios de precios de los instrumentos financieros de contratos a futuro entre el eurodólar y el mercado monetario de los EEUU es contemporánea. En los mercados en efectivo, sin embargo, hay evidencia repetida que se producen ajustes de precios no-contemporáneos. El comportamiento disímil de ambos mercados se puede explicar por la presencia de barreras institucionales (p.ej. restricciones en la entrada de bancos y flujos de capitales), caracteres estructurales de mercado (tama?o mínimo de las transacciones y poder de mercado de algunos bancos), y/o costos de transacción. El establecimiento de mercados de futuro tanto en EEUU como en el Reino Unido podría servir para incrementar el número de participantes en los mercados monetarios internacionales y puede conducir a una reducción de cualquier imperfección de mercado que pueda haber existido en el pasado.

     

Interest rates in the U. S. and eurodollar markets

Zusammenfassung Zinss?tze in den USA und auf den Eurodollarm?rkten. — Diese Arbeit entwickelt eine Theorie der Gleichgewichts-Zinsdifferenzen zwischen heimischen und ausw?rtigen (Euro-) Zinss?tzen auf der Grundlage des zus?tzlich wahrgenommenen Risikos von Anlagen und Darlehen im Ausland und der h?heren Kosten der Regulierung, die mit dem Angebot dieser Anlagen und Darlehen im Inland verbunden sind. Kurzfristige Ver?nderungen der Zinsdifferenzen zwischen ausw?rtigen und heimischen M?rkten ergeben sich nach Ansicht der Autoren aus Unvollkommenheiten auf den heimischen M?rkten, wie z. B. einschr?nkenden Vorschriften und oligopolistischen Marktbedingungen. Empirische Tests für US- und Eurodollar-Zinss?tze für die Jahre 1974—1978 best?tigen die Hypothese, da\ die Eurodollar-S?tze schneller auf Ver?nderungen der Kreditbedingungen reagieren als die US-Bankraten.

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Résumé Les taux d’intérêt dans les marchés des E.U. et d’Eurodollar. — Cet article introduit une théorie de la différence d’équilibre entre les taux d’intérêt locaux et ?offshore? (Euro) sur la base du risque per?u supplémentairement des dép?ts et des prêts, et les frais plus hauts de régulation associés avec les dépℸs et les prêts offerts localement. Les auteurs arguent que les changements à court terme dans les différences des taux d’intérêt entre les marchés ?qoffshore? et locaux résultent des imperfections de marché local comme par exemple les restrictions régulatrices et les conditions de marché oligopolistique. Les tests empiriques avec les taux d’intérêt des E.U. et d’Eurodollar pour la période 1974–1978 supportent la hypothèse que les taux d’Eurodollar repondent plus rapidement aux changements dans les conditions de crédit que les taux des banques des E.U.

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Resumen Tasas de interés en los mercados de EEUU y del Eurodólar. — Este artículo proporciona una teoría del diferencial de equilibrio entre tasas de interés domésticas y ?offshore? (Euro) sobre la base de la percepci⤵ de riesgos adicionales para dep?sitos y préstamos ?offshore? y los costos de regulaci⤵ mayores asociados con la oferta doméstica de depósitos y préstamos. Cambios de corto plazo en las diferenciales de las tasas de interés entre mercados internos y ?offshore?, resultan, según los autores, de imperfecciones del mercado doméstico tales como restricciones regulatorias y condiciones oligopolísticas del mercado. Pruebas empíricas de las tasas de interés de los EEUU y del Eurodólar entre 1974 y 1978 sustentan la hipótesis, que las tasas del Eurodólar responden más rápidamente a cambios en las condiciones de crédito que las tasas bancarias de los EEUU.

     

The trading behavior and price impact of foreign, institutional, individual investors and government: Evidence from Korean equity market

We examine the dynamic relation between stock returns and four types of investment flows using Korean daily data for the period 1998–2010, focusing on the investment/trading behavior of four types of investors – individual, institutional, government, and foreign – and the effect of cross-border investment flows on the Korean equity market. We find that, first, foreigners and institutional investors tend to drive the Korean equity market, and their trades seem to be information-driven, whereas individual investors do not drive the Korean equity market and their trades do not seem to be information-driven. Second, as a result, both foreigners and institutional investors performed well in the sample period, whereas individual investors performed poorly. Third, the four types of investors differ in their trading behavior. In response to U.S. market returns, foreigners and institutional investors tend to take a momentum strategy whereas individual investors and government tend to take a contrarian strategy.     

Changes in world real interest rates and inflationary expectations

Changes in World Real Interest Rates and Inflationary Expectations. —One of the major macroeconomic puzzles has been that the real interest rates were persistently low in the seventies and persistently high in the eighties. The authors use a news framework to investigate the extent to which shocks in real output, money supply, world trade, oil prices, stock prices and expected inflation affect the world and national real interest rates. They find dominant effects on real interest rates from movements in expected inflation rates. This suggests the presence of persistent misperceptions about future inflation and the need of further research into the formation of inflationary expectations.     

The economics of conditional heteroskedasticity: Evidence from canadian and U.S. stock and futures markets

This paper provides insight into the sources of time variation and persistence in volatility by presenting new evidence concerning the price behavior of three index futures contracts and associated stock price indexes (the New York Stock Exchange Composite index, Standard and Poor's 500 index, and Toronto 35 index). Although persistence in the second moments of stock returns distribution is widely documented, the economic explanation for generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity is not established. Cross-sectional differences in measured persistence indicate that market characteristics thought to impede information flows may not play a significant role in explaining generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity effects.     

Pricing of foreign exchange risk and market segmentation: Evidence from Pakistan's equity market

This paper undertakes empirical analysis to investigate whether foreign exchange rate risk is priced, and the extent to which the Pakistani equity market is integrated into world equity markets. For the period January 1993–January 2013, we investigate unconditional pricing using the iterated generalized method of moments, employing industry and size portfolios formed from 180 firms traded on the Karachi Stock Exchange. Using the multi beta asset pricing model, we find that exchange risk is priced into the Pakistani equity market over the full sample period. Moreover, we find strong evidence that the Pakistani equity market is segmented from world markets, especially in the post 9/11 period.     

Changing Perceptions of Maturity Mismatch in the U.S. Banking System: Evidence from Equity Markets

We use the sensitivity of bank holding company equity returns to market interest rates as an indicator of perceived maturity mismatch. Based on data from 1990 to 2009, there is only weak evidence that market participants perceived banks to be effectively short‐funded. However, looking at 1990–1996 and 1997–2009 subsamples separately, our results suggest that U.S. commercial banks were perceived as short‐funded during the earlier time period but not the later. During this time of changing perceptions of maturity mismatch, banks were increasing their holdings of real estate loans as a share of total assets. We present evidence that, subsequent to 1996, market participants perceived real estate loans as having become effectively shorter‐term.     

Efficiency,Cointegration and Contagion in Equity Markets: Evidence from China,Japan and South Korea*

This paper empirically examines whether three East Asian stock markets, namely, those of China, Japan and South Korea, are individually and/or jointly efficient, and whether contagion exists between the cointegrated markets. While individual market efficiency is examined through testing for the random walk hypothesis, joint market efficiency is examined through testing for cointegration and contagion. The present study finds that the hypothesis of individual market efficiency is strongly rejected for the Chinese stock market, but not for the Japanese and the South Korean stock markets. However, when testing for cointegration, market efficiency is strongly rejected for all these markets. We take a simple case of contagion and find that although there is a long‐term relationship among the three markets, the contagion hypothesis cannot be rejected only between Japanese and South Korean stock markets, indicating short‐run portfolio diversification benefits from these two markets.     

Economic Fluctuations in the U.S. and Euro Area: Quantifying the Contribution of Technical Change

This article aims at quantifying the contribution of technical change to cyclical fluctuations in the U.S. and euro area. We distinguish technical progress in labor-augmenting and capital-augmenting change. To this end, we derive and estimate a New Keynesian DSGE model embodying a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function for both areas. Our main findings are: (i) capital-augmenting progress is the main source of technical change volatility; (ii) labor-augmenting shocks give a negligible contribution to the variance of output; (iii) technical change (of both types) explains more economic fluctuations in the U.S. than in the euro area; and (iv) historical decomposition of GDP growth over our sample period (1980–2008) shows that capital-augmenting progress is one of the key drivers of the business cycle.     

Sectoral and aggregate estimates of the cyclical behavior of markups: Evidence from Germany

Sectoral and Aggregate Estimates of the Cyclical Behavior of Mark-ups: Evidence from Germany. — The paper presents evidence of the cyclical behavior of the price to marginal cost ratio for Germany. Average markups are estimated both for two-digit manufacturing industries and for the aggregate economy, the results being quite similar once the difference between gross output and and value-added markups is accounted for. Over the business cycle, markups appear to be countercyclical for most parameter constellations. This is interpreted as empirical support for business cycle theories that rely on aggregate demand shocks to affect markups inversely, thus producing procyclical real wages and productivity without having to assume technology shocks.     

Dilemma of the Silver Standard Economies: The Case of China

Exchange rate commitments implied in the silver standard originally anchored China's monetary policy and the inflation rate in the early republican period. It was believed that China's free silver standard acted as a natural check on the excessive issuing of notes by warlords and local governments. This consensus view, however, overlooks the fact that the silver standard was inherently unstable because it left no room for monetary policy to stabilize output and inflation. This article employs a formal structural model to show that a fiat currency unlinked to fluctuations in the price of silver that allows government to implement self‐adjusting monetary policies would further stabilize China's output and inflation.     

On the relationship between Dutch and German interest rates

Summary In this paper the relationship between Dutch and German short-term and long-term interest rates is examined. Using cointegration techniques, it is found that the covered interest parity hypothesis holds for short-term interest rates. This evidence supports the recent shift of emphasis of Dutch monetary policy. It appears that the uncovered short-term interest differential is stationary. The long-term interest differential is stationary with a shift in mean. This does not imply that the uncovered interest parity (UIP) holds. Using the indirect approach suggested by Fama (1984), we show that a risk premium exists and that, therefore, UIP does not hold.The authors would like to thank H. Garretsen, L.H. Hoogduin, J. Jacobs, C.A. de Kam and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments on a previous version of this paper.Economic Bureau NMB-Postbank.     

Field Experiment Tests for Discrimination against Hispanics in the U.S. Rental Housing Market

This article tests for discrimination against Hispanics in the U.S. rental housing market using e‐mail correspondence with landlords advertising units online. We divide Hispanics into two groups: those that appear assimilated into American culture and recent immigrants. We find little difference in the treatment of assimilated Hispanics and whites; however, Hispanics we portray as recent immigrants receive less favorable treatment with margins of net discrimination as large as 6.89% of landlords. We also find discrimination varies significantly at the region level and by the ethnic composition of neighborhoods.     

State-space estimation of rational bubbles in the Yen/Deutsche Mark exchange rate

State-Space Estimation of Rational Bubbles in the Yen/Deutsche Mark Exchange Rate. — This paper considers a series that uncovered interest parity predicts to be white noise and inspects it for evidence of stochastic rational bubbles. State-space methods are used that specify a bubble component of the series as an unobserved state. The technique’s effectiveness is demonstrated by Monte Carlo experiments. One span of the series is found in which a stochastic rational bubble specification clearly dominates the white noise specification. It coincides with a period of general financial turm-oil in the associated economies, i.e. Japan and Germany during 1989 and early 1990.     

SYNCHRONISATION BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA AND THE U.S.: A STRUCTURAL DYNAMIC FACTOR ANALYSIS

This paper studies the synchronisation of the South African and the US cycles and transmission channels through which supply and demand shocks from the US affect economic activity in South Africa in a structural dynamic factor model framework. We find, using the full-sample period, US supply shocks are transmitted to South Africa through business confidence and imports of goods and services; while US demand shocks are transmitted via interest rates, stock prices, exports of goods and services, and real effective exchange rates. Second, there is a decrease in integration over time translated by a drop in synchronisation of cycles. The impact of an increase in comovement of GDP is outweighed by the structural reforms initiated by the government after the end of apartheid. Finally, the idiosyncratic component still plays an important role in the South African economy.     

The response of long-term interest rates to news about monetary policy actions: Empirical evidence for the U.S. and Germany

The Response of Long-Term Interest Rates to News about Monetary Policy Actions. Empirical Evidence for the U.S. and Germany. — The authors reestimate the expectations theory of the term structure focusing on the question of how monetary policy actions indicated by changes in the very short rate affect long-term interest rates. Their main point is that the expectations hypothesis implies that very long rates should only react to unanticipated changes of the very short rate. In contrast to cointegration tests of expectations theory, this implication only requires rational expectations but not stationary risk premia. Therefore, its empirical test sheds new light on the importance of expectations theory for the determinants of the term structure of interest rates.     

The relationship between budget deficit and interest rates in South Africa: some econometric results

This article investigates the budget deficit–interest rate relationships in South Africa, using two econometric methods: the London School and the Granger‐causality methods. The results suggest that budget deficits have no effect on interest rates in South Africa. The causality results reinforce this finding by indicating that budget deficit and interest rates in this country are independent.     

The role of market imperfections in the relationship between housing prices and household credit: Evidence from Taiwan

Given the credit market imperfections in Taiwan, this paper examines the threshold effects in the adjustment towards the long‐run equilibrium relationship between housing prices and household credit. The empirical findings verify the potential for regime shifts in the dynamically adjusted relationship between housing prices and household credit. Only when the benefits cover the cost of market imperfections, do housing and credit markets trigger convergence to their long‐run equilibrium. The hidden effect of the limitations on housing and credit markets is to raise the thresholds of the self‐adjustment mechanisms. As a result, economic boom‐bust cycles will be more severe and increase the fragility of financial sectors.     

The Japanese–U.S. trade balance and the yen: Evidence from industry data

While it is often assumed that a country's trade balance will improve in the long-run if its currency is allowed to depreciate, this is not necessarily the case for specific goods. In the short run, the opposite might even take place, as fixed quantities and rising import prices cause the trade balance to deteriorate. In this paper, we apply cointegration methodology to assess the short- and long-run impact of fluctuations in the yen–dollar real exchange rate on Japan's trade balance with the U.S. for 117 industries. We find that depreciation causes the trade balance to improve in the long-run for about one-third of Japanese industries. Most short-run effects are in the same direction, indicating a quick improvement in these industries’ trade balance, rather than a period of deterioration such as a “J-curve.”