"两头在外"企业的银行融资风险控制

"两头在外"是一种较为特殊的企业经营模式,其核心特点是企业资金的"境外循环",因此对银行的融资风险控制也提出了更高的要求.本文在分析"两头在外"企业经营模式的特点和成因的基础上,结合不同的核销方式以及银行融资的品种对"两头在外"企业的融资风险进行了深入探讨.风险防范不仅取决于企业的贸易方式,而且取决于收汇核销方式等多重因素.因此,实践中必须对企业的贸易方式、收汇核销方式详加分析,否则很容易导致融资品种与融资比例的错配,在此基础上本文提出了控制融资风险的基本原则.     

出口企业已收汇未核销成因分析及对策

一、出口企业已收汇未核销成因分析 (一)特殊结算方式造成未核销 1.预收货款方式收汇.主要表现为两种情况:一是正常贸易项下的预收货款.在当前国内经济持续快速发展和人民币升值预期不断加强的情况下,企业以预收货款方式收汇有利于加快货款回笼速度,防范汇率风险,因此该方式已越来越多地为企业所接受.该部分收汇核销的普遍特点是核销周期相对较长,企业核销前,在核报系统中呈现未核销.二是因银行申报不准确而形成的虚假预收货款.个别银行误将其他项方式下的贸易货款申报为预收货款,虚增了已收汇未核销数据.     

福费廷之福：融资又避险

中国人民银行的调查显示，贸易融资是目前企业采用最多的避险方式。在被调查的样本企业中，约有31％的企业使用该类方式。主要原因是：贸易融资可以较好地解决外贸企业资金周转问题。随着近年来我国外贸出口的快速增长，出口企业竞争日益激烈，收汇期延长，企业急需解决出口发货与收汇期之间的现金流问题。通过出口押汇、福费廷、出口保理等贸易融资方式，出口企业可事先从银行获得资金，有效解决资金周转问题。同时，企业也可以提前锁定收汇金额，规避人民币汇率变动风险。     

旅游购物商品出口退出核销的影响与建议

影响 由于原有旅游购物商品出口收汇核销政策的弊端，2005年12月7日总局出台政策规定旅游购物商品出口退出外汇核销管理，不再进入出口收汇核销系统。出口单位以该贸易方式出口报关的，海关不再验凭出口收汇核销单，外汇局不再办理出口收汇核销，外汇指定银行不得为出口单位旅游购物项下（结）收汇出具出口收汇核销专用联。此项政策的实施，适应了旅游购物出口与收汇的特点和实际情况，受到边境地区地方政府、出口企业的普遍欢迎，彻底解决了出口企业核销难的问题，同时也减轻了基层外汇管理部门和海关的工作量和核销压力，对进一步促进对俄贸易便利化将起到积极的推动作用。     

一笔国际收支涉及不同交易性质是否应分别申报

一、案例回放 近日，某企业在银行办理出口收汇业务时，要求银行将一笔金额为107万美元的汇入款项分为贸易项下收入99．2万美元及非贸易项下收入7．8万美元做两笔申报。银行向外汇局咨询后，拒绝了企业的要求。为掌握企业将一笔收汇分开申报的动机，黄石市中心支局及时与企业取得联系，了解到该企业在出口贸易中，除正常货款外，还有若干非贸易项下的速遣费收入。由于境外付款方将货款、速遣费一次性汇入，造成申报金额大于报关金额，且超过正常的差额核销范围，给企业核销带来麻烦。企业在经历几次出现差额不能顺利核销的问题后，发现核销难的原因是非贸易收入申报在贸易项下所引起的，于是向银行提出要“分开申报”。     

标准仓单在大宗商品贸易融资中的应用模式

随着银行大宗商品贸易融资业务的快速发展,如何把握大宗商品贸易融资业务特点,提高银行风险控制能力,进而获取更高收益是商业银行共同面临的问题。本文从控制大宗商品贸易融资业务风险的角度出发,探讨结合银行监控下的套期保值头寸,在贸易融资业务中将标准仓单作为风险退出手段的应用模式,并就如何建立起这一应用模式提出相关建议。     

出口企业已收汇未核销成因分析及对策

<正>一、出口企业已收汇未核销成因分析 (一)特殊结算方式造成未核销 1．预收货款方式收汇。主要表现为两种情况:一是正常贸易项下的预收货款。在当前国内经济持续快速发展和人民币升值预期不断加强的情况下,企业以预收货款方式收汇有利于加快货款回笼速度,防范汇率风险,因此该方式已越来越多地为企业所接受。该部分收汇核销的普遍特     

广东省出口网上核销系统推广实施效果凸显

出口收汇核销网上报审系统（简称“网上核销系统”）是国家外汇管理局的重点电予化建设项目。人民银行胡晓炼副行长在2006年全国外汇管理工作会议上指出：要继续大力推进贸易投资便利化。随着外汇管理改革步伐的不断加快，国家外汇管理局及时、创新地提出网上核销模式，实现了核销业务处理无纸化，降低了企业经营成本，改进了外汇监管模式，为核销制度改革打下坚实的基础。网上核销系统经过在广东省一年多的运行和使用，受到政府．企业及相关部门的一致好评。真正实现了“简化手续、提高效率、优化服务”。[编者按]     

对朝边境贸易中人民币核销管理的问题及建议

《边境贸易外汇管理暂行办法》（以下简称《暂行办法》）规定，“边贸企业与毗邻国家的企业和其他贸易机构之间进行边境贸易时，可以以可兑换货币或人民币计价结算”并“按照有关进口付汇核销和出口收汇核销的管理办法办理进口和出口核销手续”，但在实际操作中，对朝边镜贸易中用人民币结算的出口贷款无法按照出口收汇核销的管理办法办理核销手续，因为。     

阻击“穿贸易外衣”的趋利资金——已收汇未核销成因分析及管理建议

根据《出口收汇核销管理办法实施细则》（汇发[2003]107号），外汇监管部门需重点关注两类已收汇来核销：一是逾期已收汇未核销，即出口单位收汇6个月后未办理棱销手续，二是大额已收汇未核销．即出口单位来核销收汇总量达到等值500万美元以上。已收汇未核销监管，是外汇局对企业境外收汇的真实性进行监管，而不是对贸易企业已出口货物是否及时金额收汇进行监管。因此，已收汇来植销监管对甄别境外贸易收汇背景的真实性，     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

Short-sale refinancing and price adjustment speed to bad news: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

Short selling may accelerate stock price adjustment to negative news. However, the literature provides mixed evidence for this prediction. Using short-sale refinancing and a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) model, this paper explores the effect of short selling on stock price adjustment. Our results show that (1) short-sale refinancing improves the speed of stock price adjustment to negative news. This result holds after we control for endogeneity. (2) The positive relationship between short-sale refinancing and stock price adjustment speed is significant in subsamples of stocks with higher earnings management or lower accuracy of analyst forecasts, indicating that firms with more opaque information are more likely to be targeted by short sellers. In subsamples of stocks with a higher ownership concentration or lower ownership by institutional investors, short selling is more likely to increase the speed of stock price adjustment, indicating that ownership structure may influence negative news mining. (3) As short-sale refinancing exacerbates the absorption of bad news by stock prices, it increases crash risk. This study enriches the research on the economic consequences of short selling and provides empirical evidence supporting regulations on short selling in China.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:     

The China puzzle: Opportunities for accounting research

How can China achieve phenomenal economic growth despite what is considered as 'weak' institutions in market-based economies? Xu(2011) provides a framework to u...     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original