社区银行发展的经济学分析与路径选择

社区银行是一种充满生命力的经营模式。从发达国家的实践来看，社区银行的蓬勃发展得益于正确的市场定位、明晰的产权结构、强力的政策扶持以及有序的金融监管。从经济学上看，这一模式的存在是源于金融专业化分工的客观要求、在特定的领域拥有信息和交易成本的比较优势。建立一个覆盖城乡的社区银行体系能够弱化我国经济发展中典型的二元经济结构。结合我国国情，社区银行的发展路径包括：改造现存的部分地方中小银行，由民营资本组建新的社区银行，将民间金融组织引导规范成社区银行。此外，社区银行的有效运行还需要建立健全法律体系、建立存款保险制度等配套措施。     

The Legal and Economic Evolution of Workers Compensation: Prospects for Enhancing Choice in the System

ABSTRACT: Workers compensation in the United States has been designed as a no-fault system that provides comprehensive medical and income benefits to employees with work-related injuries. Under its no-fault concept and the exclusive remedy doctrine, injured workers relinquish the right to sue their employer in tort in exchange for prescribed, guaranteed benefits that are paid promptly without protracted disputes. However, there is considerable evidence of increasing litigation in and outside the system that is undermining its no-fault principles and siphoning resources away from the efficient delivery of benefits to injured workers. This article reviews the legal and economic developments that are reshaping workers compensation and the threats they pose. The authors argue for a comprehensive reexamination of the structure of the system to resolve the conflicts among its stakeholders and improve its efficiency. Specifically, the authors explore several potential measures that would enhance worker and employer choice to reconcile their interests while restoring the nofault foundation of the system.     

经济全球化的本质分析和治税策略选择(上)

经济全球化具有大资本的利益驱动性、国际分工的技术等级性、利益分配的不公平性、生产要素流动的非对称性等基本特征,从而给发达国家带来的利益要远远大于发展中国家从中得到的利益。为了在经济全球化进程中获得尽可能大的民族利益,必须实行国家主导型的市场经济模式,不断提高国家整体竞争力。而在治税策略选择上决不能是简单地被动地进行所谓国际接轨,应当以绝大多数人民的根本利益为出发点,根据我国国情,按照科学发展观的要求,为实现以人为本和“五个统筹”的发展战略目标服务。     

跨区域中小银行组织结构设计:新制度经济学的视角

2009年银监会下调城商行异地市场准入政策,从而加速了中小银行的跨区域经营热潮.中小银行跨区域经营面临更激烈的市场竞争和挑战,如何生存、发展、壮大是中小银行面临的重大课题,如何设计组织结构以保证发展是跨区域发展的中小银行必须解决的迫切问题.本文从新制度经济学的交易费用理论入手,提出中小银行在跨区域经营的组织架构中,既要实现垂直向下的部门一体化,也必须相应提高分支机构的管理边界,从而减少内部摩擦和交易费用,提升效率;通过比较当前的商业银行组织结构,分析中小银行跨区域发展过程中存在的问题,最终提出适合中小银行跨区域发展的组织架构与管控模式.     

Public Choice and Accounting Standard Setting in New Zealand: An Exploratory Study

Recent studies in accounting regulation have used either the capture argument or the pluralistic notion to describe the enactment of accounting regulations. This paper explores the nature of the impact of public choice in accounting standard setting in New Zealand using the pluralistic notion. To provide an insight into the standard-setting process, this paper involves an examination of the establishment, withdrawal and re-establishment of New Zealand's most controversial standard after current cost accounting — the standard on investment property accounting (SSAP 17). The investigation considers the nature of public choice in the agenda entrance, demand and supply factors influencing standard setting in New Zealand. The results indicate that the New Zealand accounting standard-setting process is pluralistic in a limited way. Like most other English-speaking countries, the scope of participation for certain groups has been institutionalized on the supply side by way of membership of standard-setting committees of the New Zealand Society of Accountants. On the demand side, however, consumers of accounting have been provided with only limited scope for participating in the formal process of standard setting. Nevertheless, other means (i.e., exogenous and informal ones) may be used to influence the process. Overall, from both the demand and supply perspectives of regulation, the Big-8 accounting firms (as they were previously known) followed by the preparers of financial statements, seem to have greater participatory capacity in the New Zealand standard-setting process.     

Formative Experiences and Portfolio Choice: Evidence from the Finnish Great Depression

We trace the impact of formative experiences on portfolio choice. Plausibly exogenous variation in workers’ exposure to a depression allows us to identify the effects and a new estimation approach makes addressing wealth and income effects possible. We find that adversely affected workers are less likely to invest in risky assets. This result is robust to a number of control variables and it holds for individuals whose income, employment, and wealth were unaffected. The effects travel through social networks: individuals whose neighbors and family members experienced adverse circumstances also avoid risky investments.     

会计政策选择:理论逻辑与经济后果——以美国石油天然气会计准则演进为例的分析

会计政策是用以指导会计核算和会计报表编制的一系列原则、程序和方法。会计政策的选用 ,密切联系着选用者的财政 (财务 )利益。本文以美国石油天然气会计政策选择为例 ,分析理论逻辑与经济后果在宏观会计政策选择上的作用 ,并就会计政策选择的原则问题提出一些看法。     

Compensation and Board Structure: Evidence From the Insurance Industry

Monitoring by outside board members and incentive compensation provisions in executive pay packages are alternative mechanisms for controlling incentive problems between owners and managers. The control hypothesis suggests that if incentive conflicts vary materially, those firms with more outside directors also should implement a higher degree of pay‐for‐performance sensitivity. Our evidence is consistent with this control hypothesis. We document a relation between board structure and the extent to which executive compensation is tied to performance in mutuals: compensation changes are significantly more sensitive to changes in return on assets when the fraction of outsiders on the board is high.     

中国农户融资选择意愿研究——来自10省2万家农户借贷调查的证据

农村金融研究核心议题之一是农户融资行为特征问题。农户在自身积累、民间融资、正规金融机构融资等多种融资来源选择中,哪些因素影响着农户融资选择行为?同时,农户融资选择是否存在一定的融资次序?本研究应用2007年人民银行委托国家统计局在全国10省区调查获得的2万份调查问卷数据,进行了系统地实证研究。实证研究表明:(1)中国农户外出务工获得非农收入对农户借贷具有很强的替代性;(2)民间互助性借贷对正规金融机构贷款具有较强的替代性,而东部和中部相对发达地区对民间互助性借贷意愿更为强烈;(3)中国农户融资显著偏向内源融资,这集中反映了中国农户借贷行为具有道义小农假说的特点;同时,农户对商业性金融和互助性金融两种外源融资之间选择并不存在显著差异,两者之间存在选择的替代均衡。     

中国银行流动性过剩的成因辨析:一个新的视角

本文将银行的流动性资产分为自愿性(预防性)流动资产和非自愿性流动资产两部分.通过建立银行预防性流动资产需求模型,运用向量误差修正模型(VEC)和方差分解方法实证分析我国银行流动性过剩的原因.实证结果表明:银行间同业拆借利率、汇率波动率、存款波动率和银行存款增加是银行流动性过剩的主要原因,银行的自愿性流动资产过剩和非自愿性流动性过剩并存,银行大量的流动性资产部分是为了规避融资成本、汇率风险和存款波动等风险而持有的.     

从开放协调到经济治理:嬗变中的欧洲福利国家和社会政策一体化过程分析

与经济一体化所取得的成就相比,欧洲福利国家和社会政策的融合一直是欧洲一体化进程中的一块短板。其原因不仅在于欧洲一体化一直以财经融合为重心,各成员国之间福利国家制度的差异也在相当程度上阻碍了社会政策在欧洲层面的协调和融合。因此社会政策和福利国家改革的"欧洲化"一直以来都是欧洲经济整合后的下一个艰巨任务。本文分析自20世纪90年代开始,尤其是马斯特里赫特条约以来,欧盟开始通过"开放协调法"等治理创新来试图推动本属于成员国专属管辖领域的社会政策融合与福利国家制度改革。在全球经济危机和欧洲债务危机的阴影下,未取得实质成效的开放协调法逐渐被严格的财政紧缩政策所取代,经济治理已然成为了协调欧洲社会政策主导话语。     

转让定价的经济分析

转让定价是国际税收领域的重要问题,许多研究把避税作为转让定价讨论的既定前提。但是,本文的经济模型分析表明:关联企业之间的定价并没有违反边际收益等于边际成本的利润最大化原则。从资源配置方面来考察转让定价,跨国公司的转让定价操作只是对各国税收税率差异的自然反应。关税和公司所得税的征收增加了跨国公司的边际成本,跨国公司通过改变转让价格可以降低或抵销税收对利润最大化的不利影响。     

Real Estate Brokerage Earnings: The Role of Choice of Compensation Scheme

One of the more interesting characteristics about the real estate brokerage industry is that workers are presented with a choice regarding the sort of compensation scheme under which they want to work. An overwhelming majority of workers choose what is referred to as a commission split scheme in which the salesperson splits any commission that they earn with a supervising broker that they generally are required to work under. In this case the firm provides office support and administrative services to the salesperson and, in return, the salesperson must split any commissions that they earn with the firm. Under the alternative compensation scheme, workers pay a substantial up-front “desk” fee to the firm and then are allowed to keep 100% of any commissions that they earn. In spite of the large volume of research on the determinants of real estate salesperson earnings, to our knowledge there are no studies analyzing the choice of compensation scheme and its impact on the earnings of real estate salespersons. This study uses data from the 2001 and 2003 Membership Surveys of the National Association of REALTORs® to analyze the impact of the real estate salespersons’ choice of compensation scheme on their earnings.     

新奥特：电视图文系统的品牌新锐

不需要任何背景,主持人只要在一个简单的蓝箱里,他身后的背景随时可以发生很大的变化,时而是阳光明媚的海滩,时而是运动员热火朝天的赛场,时而是古代的壁画,只要轻轻一点鼠标,完全可以出现你想要的画面背景,这是记者在新奥特公司看到的一幕。据了解,目前基于计算机技术的电视图文制作和播出系统在国内外出现已经有15至20年。图文技术已成为广电行业数字化的重要组成部分。国家广电总局已将广电行业数字化列入国家“十一五“规划,广电行业数字化已跨越技术和行业本身,     

新中国60年稳定物价的政治经济学分析:

新中国60年来历经了几次严重的物价水平的波动,但在总体上,我国的物价水平都保持了基本稳定,这在于国家正确把握了稳定物价的目标、原则、方法、手段和物价变动的中国式政治经济规律。根据60年稳定物价的经验教训,必须以经济发展方式的转变、三农基础地位的加强、公共服务等基本民生类价格改革力度的加强和价格宏观调控体系的完善四个方面来稳定物价水平,进一步构建和谐社会。     

Experiences of sustainability assessment: An awkward adolescence

Accounting for sustainability is approaching its (metaphoric) teenage years – keen to assert independence, yet still reliant on the security of its background disciplines and not quite mature enough to make its own judgements. One example is the Sustainability Assessment Model, a full-cost-accounting tool that monetizes externalities. This paper examines its application in case studies where it faced issues over assessment boundaries, data limitations, and stakeholder engagement. There is much development needed, especially around engagement and externalities, before such techniques can achieve independent lives of their own away from their research-based caregivers.     

典型草原生态经济系统演变过程分析——以阿巴嘎旗为例

本文选择了最具有代表性的地带性典型草原(锡林郭勒盟阿巴嘎旗)。通过对典型草原的逆行演替现状及相关因素的分析,详述了典型草原逆行演替与历年放牧利用现状分析,典型草原逆行演替与草原鼠、虫害发生的相关性分析,典型草原的形成及演替过程与气候、自然环境因素的相关性分析。并阐述了草原的逆行演替对草原畜牧业的重大影响。分析了草原逆行演替的主要原因,最后提出了四个问题与思考。     

社会治理与医保支付改革:理论分析与国际经验北大核心CSSCI

医保支付改革是全球性医疗保险改革的核心,在中国医药卫生体制改革中具有战略意义。在社会医疗保险主导的体系中,医保支付改革的实质是行政力量通过行政机制的引领作用,在医保支付者和医疗服务者之间建立公共契约制度,运用市场机制,重构医疗服务供方的激励结构,以期提升效率,遏制供方诱导需求。由于医保支付方式呈现多样性和复杂性,公共契约制度化依赖于社群机制的运作,包括医学会、医师协会和医院管理协会等在内的医界社会组织为新医保支付方式的选择及其细节游戏规则的制定提供专业性、技术性支撑,对于医保支付改革的成功推进,是不可或缺的。唯有多方利益相关者协作互动,多种治理机制互补嵌合,政府在此过程中扮演元治理者的角色,达成社会治理之境,才能推动医保支付改革砥砺前行。     

关于健全资源补偿机制完善价格体系的思考

在中国 ,作为生产要素的自然资源和劳动力资源的价格水平偏低 ,与其自身的价值严重背离 ,使得价格体系处于严重扭曲的状态 ,这是市场经济不完善的重要原因 ,也是与国家市场价格水平错位的关键所在。现在面对入世的巨大挑战 ,深入研究一下自然资源价值与价格问题是很有必要和具有现实意义的     

新三板市场中做市商制度评析--以效率和公平价值选择为思考维度

2013年以来，国务院、中国证券监督管理委员会、全国中小企业股份转让系统先后修订、制定发布了20余项业务制度，全面构建起新三板的制度框架。本文在阐述做市商制度现行状况的基础上，从效率与公平的视角评价各国的做市商制度，评述当前做市商制度在新三板市场下的价值体现，并以“效率优先、兼顾公平”为价值选择维度评价，进而为完善我国做市商制度提出建议。