企业合作网络的效率、交易风险及治理机制研究——基于中小企业与大企业关系的视角

本文认为,构建中小企业与大企业合作网络,有利于网络组织成员规模经济的实现,从而有效避免“X非效率”,降低交易成本,通过协同效应给网络组织成员带来合作剩余。但是,企业合作网络的稳定运行是有条件的,为了有效降低合作网络的交易风险,必须努力提高大企业的内聚力与辐射力并加强网络外围中小企业间的联合。     

知识交易成本与企业网络的组织性质

传统的交易费用经济学因为假设知识获取是无成本的,因而较难有效地解释企业网络的组织性质。在构建知识交易成本理论框架的基础之上,从知识交易成本的新视角分析了企业网络的组织性质,得出企业网络是一种便于企业与企业间知识交易,能够有效地节约知识交易成本的企业间的制度安排,并进而解释了企业网络的多种组织类型。     

虚拟企业和网络组织:基于交易成本的解读

虚拟企业和网络组织是20世纪80年代以来组织创新的结果.交易成本经济学认为:组织的多样化是一个可检验的假定,造成这种多样性的主要原因是为了节约交易成本.然而,虚拟企业或网络组织能降低内部交易成本.并不是针对这种组织形式本身,而是针对组织中的成员企业(科层企业).由于不同的企业参与虚拟企业或网络组织的目的并不一致.构建联盟给每个成员企业所带来的经济后果也不尽相同.从这个视角考察虚拟企业或网络组织,所得到的结论更符合实际的情形.     

中小企业集群的竞争优势:理论与启示

中小企业集群是一个有较强生命力和创新力的经济组织形式。集群内的企业通过合作与交流 ,可以发挥规模经济、范围经济的效应 ,同时亦可产生强大的溢出效应 ,使得市场交易成本降低 ,分工合作效率提高 ,由此带动集群内企业整体竞争力的提升乃至某一区域经济的发展。中小企业集群竞争优势来源于成本优势、技术创新优势、市场竞争优势、产品差异化优势、合作优势、社会网络文化优势。     

意大利将加速发展信息通信技术

加紧发展电子商务技术 数字技术的发展大大改变了知识获取的方式及经济增长的方式，降低了交易成本，带来了新的企业与劳动组织形式，出现了电子商务，诞生了企业网络和企业联盟。电子商务技术对企业的组织实现网络化是非常重要的。借助于电子商务，客户与消费者在产品的设计与制造中将成为企业的合作者。中小企业为了开拓国外市场和建立“虚拟康采恩”，必须采用电子商务。电子商务的发展不仅为大企业提供了重要的发展机会，而且也为中小企业提供了重要的机遇。在意大利４８％的就业岗位是由中小型制造业企业提供的，这些中小企业正式或非…     

产业转移视角下中小企业集群创新网络的动态演进——来自江苏共建产业园区的例证

共建产业园区内中小企业集群创新网络演进的实质是转出地企业集群创新网络对转移企业的知识溢出以及转移企业与其他行为主体间的良性互动。共建产业园区内中小企业集群创新网络是以转移企业为核心节点所形成的复杂连接。其演进动力主要来自转出地集群创新网络的知识溢出、交易成本降低、互补机制、知识流动与集体学习、外部环境和政府主动对集群的规划与调控。其演进过程包含萌芽期、成长期、巩固期与互动期4个阶段。     

区域中小企业创新系统竞争优势研究

基于企业能力理论、交易费用理论、组织信息处理理论,以区域中小企业创新能力、交易成本、信息能力与信息需求的适配性为中间变量,分析了区域中小企业创新系统获取竞争优势的内在机理,并运用结构方程模型进行了实证研究。     

振兴中小企业的又一创新

无锡市政府在抓大企业的同时,非常注重抓中小企业,把组织中小企业与大企业的专业化协作配套,作为本届政府的一项重点工程来抓。最近无锡市政府组织200余家中小企业,先后赴北京、天津、青岛三地开展“专业化协作配套万里行”活动。与三峡、大庆、海尔、国家电力公司、铁道部等大工程、大项目、大集团初步建立了协作关系,为广大中小企业找到了开启市场之门的金钥匙。从某种意义上说,“万里行”活动对中小企业不仅是一场及时雨,更是一项播种工程,许多企业家称这一活动是振兴中小企业的又一创新。     

中小企业集群理论研究的简单回顾

中小企业集群是一个有较强生命力和创新力的经济组织形式。集群内的企业通过合作与交流 ,可以发挥规模经济、范围经济的效益 ,同时亦可产生强大的溢出效应 ,使得市场交易成本降低 ,分工合作效率提高 ,由此带动群内企业整体竞争力的提升乃至某一区域经济的发展。文章对中小企业集群理论进行了梳理和归纳 ,并作了简要评价。     

中小企业集群的本地网络与外部知识

产业集群作为突破中小企业技术创新自身限制的有效组织方式引起了学术界与决策部门的普遍关注。集聚对创新的影响沿着两个角度进行解释：交易成本和外部性。其中外部性的解释主要集中于由于地理集中所产生的报酬递增;交易成本理论认为产业集群是介于市场和等级之间的中间组织形态,或称为网络组织,在其中,信任和互惠可以减少市场的交易成本,而且,基于知识的研究将不同的观点综合到一个框架之内,知识和技术的吸收需要共享知识的编码,而地理集中所形成的共同文化背景和观念使本地网络享有共同的知识编码,有利于创新。     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

生物群落结构原型的仿生学模拟

模拟生命系统管理规律的科学即管理仿生学,是知识时代仿生学研究的新领域与前沿.基于模拟生物群落结构规律的研究目的,采用仿生学模拟的研究方法,以生物群落结构为原型,建立了仿生群落结构模型.结论为:垂直结构、水平结构、时间结构与交错区结构是支持生物群落生命活动的结构规律,以该规律为原型,推理建立了仿生分层结构、仿生优化结构、仿生动态结构与仿生相邻结构,四种仿生结构分别侧重于管理资源的分层管理、局部优化管理、动态过程管理、相邻关系管理,该模型为建立类似生物群落的人造管理系统即仿生群落管理系统提供了仿生结构模型.可以预测,该模型具有广泛的应用价值,能够推动管理仿生学的发展.