中外贸易摩擦发展的五种态势

从中国遭遇的贸易摩擦情况看,国外对华适用贸易保护措施有五个动向:一是在同一时间对同一出口的"双反"问题;二是对同一种出口产品采取反倾销与保障措施或特别保障措施;三是反倾销行政复审导致原反倾销措施的继续适用;四是使用"组合拳"--多种贸易救济手段连环使用;五是有规则的反倾销与无规则的社会壁垒或民间壁垒的"双重打击".针对进口国频繁适用贸易救济措施的偏执做法,我国有关利益方应积极应诉.     

对死刑适用有关问题的探讨

死刑作为最古老的刑罚手段之一,其适用问题一直是刑事法学界激烈争论的焦点.当今世界,废除死刑的呼声愈来愈烈,已成为一种趋势性的选择.基于现实国情的限制,我国在相当长的一段时间内不具备废除死刑的务件,但严格限制死刑适用,"少杀、慎杀"的基本观念已经为刑事政策所确立.本文主要结合办案实践中遇到的有关问题,对死刑案件如何贯彻宽严相济的刑事司法政策,如何在立法层面和司法层面有效限制死刑,提升死刑案件质量提出一些不成熟的思考.     

论比例原则在司法审查中的适用

比例原则源于正义的请求,是公平正义的具体化和一种利益衡量方式。在我国行政诉讼中将其作为司法审查的标准,可以拓展司法审查的深度和范围,缩小法官自由裁量的空间,提高审判的可操作性和司法权威性,有助于我国行政法治的发展。为了保证其在司法审查中的正确适用,我们应当通过一系列的制度性约束将法院的司法裁量权纳入法治的轨道,以维护其存在的合法基础。     

经济社会转型时期刑事案例指导制度的合理定位及价值研究

当前,我国正处于由计划经济转为市场经济、传统社会转为现代社会的快速转型时期。在这个转型的关键时期,面对不断出现的各种新问题、新矛盾,在我国重视立法、加快制定立法以完善中国特色社会主义法律体系的同时,如何司法以解决司法实践中常出现的同案不同判现象是必须重视的问题。从法律适用的角度,刑事案例指导制度正是针对同案不同判现象,为统一法律适用、实现司法公正建立的一种与司法解释并行发展的新的司法对策,该制度将对我国法律规则体系、法官思维方式、法学理论研究等方面具有重大而深远的影响。     

中国环境司法效能的制约因素及消解对策

作为解决环境纠纷的最终手段,环境司法在保护生态环境和维护环境公益上的重要功能是无可替代的。然而,现实中的中国环境司法却处于效率不高、能力不强、作用有限和效果欠佳的窘境。原因是目前中国环境司法效能依然受制于司法技能不足、法律依据不够和司法独立有限等因素。因此,有必要通过完善法制进一步提高环境司法主体的司法能力,发挥环境司法能动的积极作用,拓展环境司法的引导功能和加强环境司法指导监督等,不断提升中国的环境司法效能。     

中国非法移民问题刑事法律对策研究

非法移民行为是一种违法犯罪行为，基于对非法移民适用刑事法的回顾和现状，中国应坚持正确的立场，在刑事政策的指导下完善立法，制定“移民法”，修改刑事法的相关规定，增设有关罪名，强化刑事司法，加强国际刑事司法合作，打击非法移民活动。     

论我国公共秩序保留制度在国际民商事案件中的适用

公共秩序保留,是指一国法院依据冲突规范本应适用外国法时,因其适用会与法院地国的重大利益、基本政策、道德的基本观念或法律的基本原则相抵触而排除其适用的一种保留制度。实践中,公共秩序保留制度存在着很多不确定性,在国际私法的法律选择和法律适用中,给司法实践带来许多困难,增加了审判的难度。中国没有对适用这项制度的条件做出具体规定,这赋予了法官巨大的自由裁量权。如何保证案件审理结果的一致性和相关法律的可知性、明确性,如何对公共秩序保留原则的适用加以限制,是我国公共秩序保留制度适用中面临的问题。     

引渡与人权保护相关问题探讨

引渡与人权保护紧密相关,是当今国际引渡法的一大特征。在国际引渡实践中,被请求国出于人权保护的目的可以拒绝引渡。死刑犯不引渡和政治犯不引渡是出于人权保护目的的两项重要引渡例外。目前,有必要探究引渡与人权保护相联系的原因,从人权的视角研究上述重要的引渡例外制度,进而有利于我国的国际引渡实践。     

“十万群众进法院”活动的法治意义

司法公开是中国宪法规定的一项司法基本原则。司法公开具有提升司法能力、树立司法权威、维护司法公正等价值功能。当前南京地区法院正大力开展"十万群众进法院"活动,作为司法公开的一种重要形式,该活动对于提高司法公信力、减少社会纠纷具有积极意义。     

司法替代性纠纷解决机制探析

自力救济、社会救济等替代性纠纷解决机制(ADR)与公力救济等纠纷解决方式各有特点,功能各有不同,构成了多元化纠纷解决机制。随着替代性纠纷解决机制(ADR)功能拓展,近年来替代性纠纷解决机制渗入于司法,司法ADR在世界各国成为司法程序内迅速解决纠纷的一种新的方法和手段。针对我国目前司法现状,借鉴美国、日本成功经验构建符合中国国情的司法ADR成为当前司法改革的当务之急。     

试论我国环境刑事政策

我国正在建设“资源节约型、环境友好型”社会。“两型”社会的建设目标就是保护环境和资源。这就需要我们运用各种手段，采取各种措施，加大保护环境资源的力度。政策手段是一个主要的调控杠杆，环境刑事政策作为运用刑法手段控制环境违法行为和惩治环境犯罪的策略和方针，近年来在环境资源保护方面发挥的作用越来越大。环境刑事政策既是刑事政策，也是环境政策，既是立法政策、司法政策，也是执行政策，理论上对环境刑事政策进行研究，可以指导决策机关制定符合“两型”社会建设需要的方略，进而更好地运用刑事手段保护环境和资源。     

Quality of judicial institutions,crimes, misdemeanors,and dishonesty

We investigate the extent to which quality of judicial institutions has an impact on individuals’ propensity for criminal and dishonest behavior and on their views regarding the acceptability of dishonesty and law-breaking. We use micro data on residents of 25 European countries and employ alternative measures of judicial quality as perceived by the residents of these countries. As an instrument for judicial quality we employ the procedures with which prosecutors and judges are appointed to their posts in each country. As alternative instruments, we employ an index of de jure institutional quality as well as its components, which provide similar results. The findings show that an increase in the perception of the quality of judicial institutions, such as an improvement in judicial independence or the impartiality of the courts, has a deterrent effect on dishonest and criminal acts. A higher perceived quality of the judicial system also makes individuals less likely to find acceptable a variety of dishonest and illicit behaviors, suggesting that institutions help shape the beliefs of the society. We obtain the same results when we analyze the sample of immigrants, whose cultural attributes should be (more) related to their countries of origin, rather than their countries of residence, and thus should be arguably uncorrelated with the factors that can impact the instrument. We show that people’s beliefs in the importance of the family, in the fairness of others, and the importance of being rich are not impacted by judicial quality, suggesting that judicial quality is not a blanket representation of underlying cultural norms and beliefs in the society.     

Criminal mobility,fugitives, and extradition rules

Two countries set their enforcement noncooperatively to deter native and foreign individuals from committing a crime in their territory. Crime is mobile, ex ante (migration) and ex post (fleeing), and criminals hiding abroad after committing a crime in a country must be extradited. When extradition is not too costly, countries overinvest in enforcement: insourcing foreign criminals is more costly than paying the extradition cost. When extradition is sufficiently costly, instead, significant enforcement may induce criminals to flee the country whose law they infringed on. The fear of paying the extradition cost enables the countries to coordinate on the efficient outcome.     

控辩平等视角下检察官刑事庭审角色定位

控辩平等是整个刑事诉讼的价值追求,它是构建科学诉讼结构、体现司法公正及保护人权的需要,这已在我国法学界和实务界达到共识,并在现行刑事诉讼法中得到一定程度的体现,但在某些权力的设置上,特别是无法正确界定检察官庭审角色,影响到控辩平等原则的有效贯彻,亟需在立法中得以完善,在司法实践中加以落实。文章以此为切入点,从当事人和法律监督者两个角度,提出对检察官在刑事庭审中科学的权力配置设想,保障控辩平等的实现。     

我国死刑案件被和解的非正当性分析

轻微刑事案件可以适用刑事和解我国理论界和司法界就此基本达成共识，重罪案件和死刑案件可否适用刑事和解理论界争议颇为激烈。文章主张死刑案件不能和解，死刑被和解将违背我国死刑适用的宗旨，破坏死刑适用的标准；死刑案件和解严重背离了罪行法定原则和刑法面前人人平等原则、罪责刑相适应原则；也不符合刑事和解的应有价值；容易滋生新的司法腐败；其本质是国家推卸本应承担的对被害人的救助责任；死刑案件刑事和解也并非控制死刑适用的良策。     

注册会计师执业责任鉴定人五个问题分析

本文认为,现阶段发挥注册会计师执业责任鉴定人在法律诉讼的专家证人作用更有利于保护注册会计师的合法权益。鉴定人应具备相应的资格和能力,享有和承担法律赋予的权利和义务。对鉴定人错鉴责任的追究上,应以行政责任为主,刑事责任、民事责任为辅。     

试论民营经济发展的刑事法制保障

目前,蓬勃发展的民营经济已成为社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分,但规范和保护民营经济发展的社会主义法制却比较滞后,其中刑事方面,立法和司法都存在着缺陷。为了保持民营经济持续、稳定、健康的发展,健全非公有制经济发展的法制环境,刑事法制的完善急需加强。     

Bureaucratic Decision Costs and Endogenous Agency Expertise

This article analyzes the effect of the cost that an agencymust incur to adopt a new regulation (the "enactment cost")on the agency's incentive to invest in expertise. The effectof the enactment cost on agency expertise depends on whetherthe agency would regulate if it fails to acquire additionalinformation about the regulation's effects. If an uninformedagency would regulate, increasing enactment costs increasesagency expertise; if an uninformed agency would retain the statusquo, increasing enactment costs decreases agency expertise.These results may influence the behavior of an uninformed overseer,such as a court or legislature, that can manipulate the agency'senactment costs. Such an overseer must balance its interestin influencing agency policy preferences against its interestin increasing agency expertise. The article discusses the implicationsof these results for various topics in institutional design,including judicial and executive review of agency regulations,structure-and-process theories of congressional oversight, nationalsecurity, criminal procedure, and constitutional law.     

THE ROLE OF CRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT

Recently enacted sentencing guidelines were designed to reduce disparity and to increase the average sanction for white-collar offenders. Whether these outcomes will be achieved, however, depends on how closely judges adhere to the new guidelines. We cannot yet determine how the guidelines will be implemented but can learn much about judicial behavior by studying past sentencing practice.
This paper examines sentences imposed on criminal antitrust offenders from 1955 to 1980. Judges are appointed for life and ostensibly are "independent" of the political process. The data suggest, however, that judges do not operate in apolitical vacuum. When Congress increased the status of antitrust violations from misdemeanor to felony in 1974, judges responded by doling out higher penalties–even for offenders not subject to new higher statutory maximums. In addition, the paper shows that Republican judges tend to impose harsher antitrust penalties than do Democratic judges, and that sentencing behavior apparently is influenced by a judge's prospect of promotion to a higher court position. These findings have important policy implications both for the judicial selection process and for ensuring that the judicial branch follows congressional wishes.