中国酒店业员工岗位性别差异对薪酬的影响研究

中国第三产业比重已超过第一产业和第二产业之和,女性凭借性别优势大量进入服务业等第三产业,提高了女性的整体就业率.在女性员工比例整体高于男性的服务业中,女性员工在岗位分配和薪酬水平上是否享有与男性员工同等的待遇还需实证检验.本研究依据人力资本理论和雇主歧视理论提出假设,通过对广东5家五星级酒店在岗的1233名员工进行问卷调查,探究高星级酒店员工在受教育程度、工作经验、岗位级别和薪酬水平上的性别差异,并进一步探究岗位级别变量在员工性别差异、受教育程度和工作经验三因素与薪酬水平之间的关系中潜在的中介作用.研究发现,在酒店业员工性别差异与薪酬水平关系中岗位级别起完全中介作用,即中国酒店业男女员工同岗同酬,不存在薪酬歧视,但存在明显的职业歧视,具体表现为岗位级别越高则薪酬越高,而女性员工主要集中在基层岗位,在中高层岗位所占比例明显少于男性,从而导致女性平均薪酬低于男性员工;酒店基层服务员、主管及部门副经理岗位的女性员工工作经验比男性员工丰富,但晋升为中基层管理者难度更大.受传统性别角色观念影响,酒店内部存在部门岗位分割,女性员工较少在保安部、厨房及工程部门工作;酒店基层及中层女性管理者的受教育水平明显高于同等岗位级别的男性管理者, "前市场歧视"不明显.总而言之,职业歧视和传统的性别角色观念能有效解释酒店业员工在岗位选择、薪酬水平和职业发展的差异.     

会计盈余与非预期盈余宣告对股价冲击作用的一项实证研究

本文以中国上市公司为样本对象,研究了会计盈余信息的市场冲击作用.文章分别从上市公司个股和市场整体两个角度考察了上市公司股价对会计信息的反应模式,得出了不一致的结论.首先,会计盈余对股价不一定具有正向冲击;其次,历史盈余信息不一定能代表未来收益;再次,市场对财务信息的反应模式和宏观经济环境有关,而这种关系则通过会计盈余和折现率之间的正相关关系传递.     

经理人盈余操纵、风险投资与盈余管理方式选择——基于三方博弈模型分析

本文以2002—2016年我国上市公司为研究样本,实证检验在IPO前后等五个重要阶段风险投资支持公司经理人盈余操纵方式的选择策略,同时分析公司盈余管理的阶段性变化特征。研究表明:上市公司在IPO当期的盈余管理程度高于其他各阶段;风险投资支持公司盈余管理程度在IPO前后阶段的动态变化更为显著,公司盈余管理程度在风险投资完全退出后大幅下降,显著低于解禁退出前阶段,成功IPO以及配合股份减持等多重动机促使风险投资对公司盈余管理的监督水平发生波动;公司经理人对风险投资应计盈余管理监督水平调整的敏感度小于对风险投资真实盈余管理监督水平调整的敏感度,公司经理人的盈余操纵方式在各阶段存在应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理交替和并存,但更倾向于选择真实盈余管理。     

Transnational Corporations and the Dynamics of Human Capital Formation: Evidence From West Yorkshire

John Knell, who is Lecturer in Industrial Relations in the School of Business and Economic Studies at the University of Leeds, draws on published material and the evidence of case studies in West Yorkshire to discuss the impact of foreign direct investment on human capital formation in Britain. He argues that the ‘transformative’ effects of such investment have been very limited and that the key to understanding this outcome lies in the position of the British economy within the evolving international division of labour.     

Productivity Gains from Geographic Concentration of Human Capital: Evidence from the Cities

Based on recent theoretical developments the argument is made that the average level of human capital is a local public good. Cities with higher average levels of human capital should therefore have higher wages and higher land rents. After conditioning on the characteristics of individual workers and dwellings, this prediction is supported by data for Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) in the United States, where the SMSA average levels of formal education and work experience are used as proxies for the average level of human capital. The alternative explanations of omitted SMSA variables and self-selection are evaluated. An estimate of the effect of an additional year of average education on total factor productivity is computed.     

The Usefulness of Earnings and Book Value for Equity Valuation in Emerging Capital Markets: Evidence From Listed Companies in the People's Republic of China

This paper examines the relative value relevance in equity valuation of two sets of accounting information of listed Chinese companies which issued the so-called B shares to foreign investors on the Chinese stock exchanges. These firms are required to prepare two sets of financial statements: one based on China's accounting regulations (domestic GAAPs) and the other based on International Accounting Standards (IASs). The study adopted the Ohlson (1995) model and used the Davidson-MacKinnon J-test to assess which one of these two competing sets of accounting information is more closely associated with the share prices. The results showed that earnings and book value reported based on IASs have greater information content than those based on domestic GAAPs. The results of yearly regression analysis generally suggested that the explanatory power of these earnings and book values for share prices increased over time.     

Earnings volatility in America: Evidence from matched CPS

We offer new evidence on earnings volatility of men and women in the United States over the past four decades by using matched data from the March Current Population Survey. We construct a measure of total volatility that encompasses both permanent and transitory instability, and that admits employment transitions and losses from self employment. We also present a detailed decomposition of earnings volatility to account for changing shares in employment probabilities, conditional variances of continuous workers, and conditional mean variances from employment entry and exit. Our results show that earnings volatility among men increased by 15% from the early 1970s to mid 1980s, while women's volatility fell, and each stabilized thereafter. However, this pooled series masks important heterogeneity in volatility levels and trends across education groups and marital status. We find that men's earnings volatility is increasingly accounted for by employment transitions, especially exits, while the share of women's volatility accounted for by continuous workers rose, each of which highlights the importance of allowing for periods of non-work in volatility studies.     

The Value Relevance of Earnings and Cash Flows: Empirical Evidence for Japan

The Japanese equity market is one of the largest in the world. In recent years, fund managers worldwide have substantially increased their exposure to the Japanese capital markets. In spite of the Japanese capital market's rapid growth and its increasing importance in the international financial world, there has been limited empirical evidence linking security returns to earnings and cash flows. This study extends the growing empirical literature on the association of earnings and cash flows with security returns by using a Japanese dataset consisting of 6,662 firm-year observations for the period 1984–93. We hypothesize that (i) earnings and cash flows are jointly associated with stock returns, and (ii) the association between cash flows (earnings) and security returns increases (decreases) when earnings are transitory. This study provides empirical evidence (i) that cash flows (earnings) have information content beyond earnings (cash flows) in explaining security returns, and (ii) that cash flows (earnings) play a more (less) important role in the marketplace when earnings are transitory. Moreover, results show that the explanatory power of our Japanese models is similar to the evidence provided in prior US studies, indicating that Japanese investors utilize earnings and cash flows in their pricing of equities as their US counterparts.     

人力资本、物质资本对物流产业发展影响的实证研究

文章基于柯布-道格拉斯生产函数,对1992～2005年期间我国物流产业统计数据进行实证研究.结果表明:人力资本和物质资本是影响我国物流产业发展的二个关键要素:产业处于规模报酬递增阶段,主要靠物质资本投资推动,物质资本投入量对产业增长的贡献率为79,9%;人力资本的产出弹性较高,对产出有明显的积极影响,但由于人力资本存量增长缓慢,对产业增长的贡献较低.最后,对物流产业的进一步发展提出若干建议.     

关系型交易、内部控制与盈余管理——基于应计与真实盈余管理的经验证据

与以往单纯从内部控制这一规则治理机制出发研究盈余管理的文献不同,引入关系型交易这一关系治理机制,探讨两种不同的治理机制及其交互作用对上市公司应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理行为的影响。检验结果表明,随着供应商/客户关系交易比例的增加,上市公司进行正向应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理的程度越严重;进一步研究发现,高质量内部控制有助于抑制供应商关系型交易诱发的正向应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理,但是对客户关系型交易诱发的应计/真实盈余管理无显著影响。     

论企业人力资本投资与人力资本流动

本文将企业人力资本流动分为主动性和被动性流动两类。作者通过对一个理想的人力资本市场上企业通用性人力资本投资与专用性人力资本投资关系的研究表明,企业增加其自身的通用性人力资本投资规模客观上能解决由专用性人力资本投资所产生的“套牢”问题,并使人力资本主动性流动的概率大大增加,这对企业人力资本投资策略的选择具有重要的现实意义。     

业绩预告披露与盈余管理关系的实证研究——基于中国上市公司的经验证据

本文以新会计准则实施后沪深A股上市公司为研究对象,研究了业绩预告披露与盈余管理的关系.研究发现:披露业绩预告公司的盈余管理程度显著高于未披露的公司;强制披露业绩预告公司的盈余管理程度显著高于自愿披露的公司;且上市公司在披露业绩预告前预期到了盈余管理后的盈利状况,盈余管理的主要目的是为了"规避"或"迎合"业绩预告制度.研究还发现资产规模小、盈利能力差与负债高的公司更可能从事盈余管理.最后,结合实证研究结论,为提高业绩预告信息的可靠性、进一步完善业绩预告制度,提出了相关政策建议.     

Capital Budgeting and Political Risk: Empirical Evidence

This paper surveys and investigates Swedish firms' use of capital budgeting techniques for foreign direct investments. We document that the use of the theoretically correct net present value method decreases with the political risk in the host country, and that the use of the Payback method increases with the political risk. We conclude that in the presence of capital market imperfections, unsystematic and country-specific political risks are important. Because these risks are difficult to estimate (rendering high deliberation costs) managers are inclined to use simple rules of thumb for their capital budgeting decisions. Our results can partly explain why surveys find that alternative methods such as the Payback method are frequently used despite their theoretical drawbacks.     

政治联系与盈余信息含量——基于中国民营上市公司的经验证据

以2004-2010年中国民营上市公司为样本,研究了政治联系与民营上市公司盈余信息含量之间的关系。研究发现,政治联系增强了民营上市公司会计盈余与超额累计收益之间的正向关系,表明政治联系提高了盈余信息质量。进一步研究发现,上市公司所在地的市场化进程程度调节了政治联系对盈余信息含量的正向影响,即对地处市场化程度较高地区的民营上市公司而言,政治联系与盈余信息含量的正相关关系相对较弱。研究发现对于外部投资者判断民营上市公司盈余质量及其投资决策具有借鉴意义。     

中国A股上市公司利润平滑行为研究——基于新旧会计准则比较的经验证据

以我国上市公司为研究样本,就新旧准则执行前后公司利润平滑行为进行了对比检验。结果发现,执行新准则后上市公司盈余波动性显著提高,应计利润项目变动与经营现金流变动的负相关关系明显减弱,这证明了新准则实施显著降低了公司盈余平滑程度。研究结论表明新准则执行对我国企业会计信息质量具有提升作用,这为我们全面认识和了解会计准则执行的效果提供了经验证据支持。     

The Composition of the Human Capital Stock and the Factor Content of Trade: Evidence from West(ern) Germany

This study reports the results of a factor content analysis of the sources of West Germany's comparative advantage in 1976, 1980 and 1984, using highly disaggregated skill variables. The county is found to be most abundant in certain skilled manual occupations and a very limited number of professional and technical occupations. The results differ markedly from those reported in similar studies for the UK and the US. The importance of intercounty productivity diferences and the implications of using only a subset of the economy, i.e. manufacturing, in the calculations are assessed. While using only a subset of the economy might have been appropriate in the past when services trade was relatively unimportant, this is no longer the case, especially for Germany with its diferent performance in goods and services trade. It is argued that the explanatory power of comparative advantage as a basis for trade among similarly developed countries is much higher than is commonly perceived when human capital is disaggregated into detailed skill categories that allow the recognition of different skill mixes between countries. The use of a disaggregated ‘labour-based’ neoclassical trade theory is advocated.     

Price-Earnings Ratios in Japan: Recent Evidence and Further Results

We analyse the disparity between Japanese and US price-earnings ratios between 1975 and 1995 with a view to find if the accounting differences between two countries can explain this disparity. Our results indicate that the accounting differences can explain a significant part but not all differences between Japanese and US price-earnings ratios. We further investigate the effect of other possible economic factors on the behaviour of Japanese price-earnings ratios and find that changing expectations about growth opportunities, changes in the real returns and differing inflation also do not fully explain the behaviour of the price-earnings ratios. Therefore, the possibility of the existence of the speculative bubble needs to be explored to fully explain the behaviour of Japanese share price-earnings ratios during this period.     

股权治理结构与盈余质量:后股权分置时代的经验证据

本文以后股权分置时代为背景,以2008年非金融类上市公司为样本,研究上市公司股权治理结构与会计盈余质量之间的关系,得到以下结论:第一大股东持股比例与盈余质量显著负相关;最终控制人的国有性质与盈余质量显著正相关;其他大股东的制衡能力没有对上市公司盈余质量产生实质性的影响;当最终控制人为国有性质时,流通股比例与盈余质量显著正相关;机构投资者持股比例与盈余质量显著负相关,表明机构投资者的存在显著降低了上市公司盈余质量.     

The Socioeconomic Position of Gay Men: A Review of the Evidence

Using data from national surveys, studies of gay men, and obituaries, the socio-economic position of gay men is examined. The evidence shows that gay men have higher incomes than heterosexual men, and that they are highly concentrated in certain occupations. The difference between the occupational distribution of gay and straight men is as great as that between men and women. The economic position of gay men appears to result from several factors in addition to discrimination. Gay economic power and gay preferences for economic dealings with other gays serve to shield them from antigay bias.     

人力资本增长与人力资源开发

人力资本积累不仅具有递增收益特征，而且还能部分地替代物质资本，事实上，人力资源已成为全球国民财富中的第一资源，劳动力资源充足是我国惟一的比较优势。因此，根据我国社会发展不同阶段，本文对人力资源开发的需求标准、增长规律以及制约因素作了分析并对我国现行的人力资源开发的体制与政策提出了更为合理的建议。