文化差异对跨国公司进入模式的影响

跨国公司进行直接投资受多种因素的影响,其中东道国与母国的文化差异在跨国公司进行投资决策时的作用越来越大,尤其是对跨国公司的进入模式选择产生了重大影响。文章分析了文化差异对跨国公司进入东道国市场模式选择的影响,并且就中国企业跨国化如何应对文化差异提出建议。     

资源型跨国公司投资进入模式的影响因素研究

经济全球化已成为当今世界经济发展的总趋势,它要求企业进行全球化经营。本文对资源型跨国公司投资进入模式的影响因素进行实证研究,基于沪深两市资源行业17家上市公司50个样本数据以及世界银行的相关数据,通过相关性分析和回归模型分析,得出以下结论：东道国经济稳定性、东道国基础设施、国际经营经验、企业规模、全球性企业战略对资源型跨国公司投资进入模式的选择具有一定的影响。     

东道国腐败对FDI及其来源的影响

腐败问题很早就受到政治学和经济学学者的重视,但在国际商务领域内,对这一问题的研究只有近十年的历史.东道国腐败不但会对流入该国的外商直接投资总量产生影响,而且会影响FDI的来源.运用国际公开数据,以FDI流入作为研究对象,实证检验以上理论假设,结果证明东道国腐败会对外商直接投资产生负面影响,如果FDI来源国存在海外反腐败法,东道国腐败就会使来自这些国家的FDI减少.     

东道国腐败会阻碍外商直接投资流入吗?

制度基础观认为东道国制度环境会影响跨国公司投资者对风险和收益的判断,削弱跨国公司全球网络整体竞争优势,不利于跨国公司决策者国际化战略布局的制定和调整.为了考察东道国制度环境中腐败因素对外商直接投资流入的影响,本文采用2001—2014年中国实际利用外资额和因腐败等职务犯罪被立案侦查人数的省级动态面板数据进行经验检验.结果表明,东道国腐败对中国外商直接投资流入存在显著的摩擦效应.其中,东部地区腐败程度对外商直接投资的阻碍大于中西部地区,且明显高于全国平均水平.按照不同时段重新检验后发现,现阶段(2007—2014年)中国腐败频数和腐败强度较前期(2001—2006年)明显下降,由于国家党风廉政建设不断推进,腐败对外商直接投资流入的润滑剂作用难以为继.     

母国国家文化影响跨国公司营销标准化战略的关系模型

标准化战略作为跨国公司的一种战略模式的选择,有诸多的因素影响标准化的程度,国家文化的差异是影响标准化程度的因素之一.不同于以往关于跨国公司营销标准化战略的研究,本文从国家层面的视角基于Hofstede的4维度文化模型和以及Schneider的外部适应性及内部聚合维度尝试构建了母国国家文化影响跨国公司营销标准化战略的关系模型,并分析了母国国家文化的不同纬度对跨国公司营销标准化战略程度的影响.本文试图对不同母国的跨国公司实施营销标准化战略的倾向和表现差异给出合理解释.     

东道国文化环境对跨国公司直接投资行为的影响及启示

东道国文化环境因素在跨国公司进行对外直接投资决策时的作用越来越大,尤其是对跨国公司的投资区位和投资进入模式选择产生了重大影响。东道国与跨国公司母国间的文化差距越小,跨国公司在当地投资的风险相对越小。中国企业在进行对外直接投资时同样必须对东道国的社会文化环境予以足够的重视。     

东道国文化环境对跨国公司对外投资行为的影响

东道国文化环境因素在跨国公司进行对外投资决策时的作用越来越大,尤其是对跨国公司的投资区位和投资进入模式选择产生了重大影响.东道国与跨国公司母国间的文化差距越小,跨国公司在当地投资的风险相对越小.中国企业在进行对外直接投资时同样必须对东道国的社会文化环境予以足够的重视.     

东道国文化环境对跨国公司对外投资行为的影响

东道国文化环境因素在跨国公司进行对外投资决策时的作用越来越大,尤其是对跨国公司的投资区位和投资进入模式选择产生了重大影响.东道国与跨国公司母国间的文化差距越小,跨国公司在当地投资的风险相对越小.中国企业在进行对外直接投资时同样必须对东道国的社会文化环境予以足够的重视.     

文化距离对中国OFDI企业海外进入模式选择的影响

OFDI企业的海外进入模式一直是学术界研究的热点,文化距离对进入模式的影响是涉及最多的因素.本文通过选取158个在海外具有分公司的中国企业为样本数据,结合企业微观数据和东道国宏观数据进行实证分析.研究发现,文化距离确实对中国OFDI企业海外进入方式存在显著影响,这种影响表现为文化距离越大,企业越偏好于绿地方式进入.本文同时验证了东道国政府对FDI态度正向调节文化距离对OFDI企业进入模式的选择,即随着文化距离的增加,东道国政府对FDI态度越好,跨国公司选择合资进入的可能性会降低.     

影响跨国公司以战略联盟方式进入中国市场的因素分析

对跨国公司以战略联盟的方式进入中国市场的影响因素进行分析,对于中国吸引外资投入和中国企业以联盟的方式进入国际市场都有重要意义。从东道国因素、母国因素、产业因素、公司自身因素等几个方面来分析其对跨国公司以战略联盟方式进入中国市场的影响。     

Environmental Regulations,Outward FDI and Heterogeneous Firms: Are Countries Used as Pollution Havens?

We consider whether environmental regulations influence FDI outflows from a country with stringent environmental policy. We consider this issue by incorporating the predictions from the recent heterogeneous firm models of international trade into an empirical model of outward FDI by UK firms. We find that environmental regulations are not a robustly significant determinant of the internationalisation decision. In addition, we do not find robust evidence to suggest that dirtier MNEs are more likely to locate in host countries with lax environmental policy than cleaner MNEs. However, we do uncover systematic differences in the FDI behaviour of high and low environmental cost firms in other respects.     

The effects of multinationals on host economies: A CGE approach

This paper offers a new perspective regarding the effects on a host economy of the entry of multinational enterprises (MNEs). We use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) approach, through a version of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model extended to incorporate MNEs. The analysis is applied to the Czech Republic, a country that has received substantial inflows of foreign direct investment in the last few years. A special attention has been paid to the issue of profit repatriation. We find that the negative effects of profit repatriation are sizeable, and might even offset the positive impact of the entry of MNEs.     

WHO GAINS FROM WHOM? SPILLOVERS,COMPETITION AND TECHNOLOGY SOURCING IN THE FOREIGN‐OWNED SECTOR OF UK MANUFACTURING

There is a growing literature explaining foreign direct investment flows in terms of ‘technology sourcing’, whereby multinational firms invest in certain locations not to exploit their firm‐specific assets in the host environment, but to access technology that is generated by host country firms. However, it is far from clear whether the literature has found significant evidence of such activity beyond a few isolated examples. This paper extends this work by allowing for the possibility of multinational enterprises (MNEs) sourcing technology not only from host country firms but also from each other within a host economy. The paper demonstrates that MNEs in the UK do indeed appropriate spillovers both from indigenous firms and from other foreign investors, but that there are also significant competition effects that act to reduce productivity in certain industries. The paper also explores which countries' affiliates gain most from technology sourcing in the UK, and which generate the greatest spillovers within the foreign‐owned sector.     

National levels of corruption and foreign direct investment

We model the relationship between bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI) and the level of corruption in multinational firms’ (MCNs’) home and host countries. We construct and test a model of bilateral FDI between countries that differ in their levels of corruption. FDI is affected negatively both by the level of corruption in the host country and by differences in home- and host-country corruption. Our model emphasizes that MNCs develop skills for dealing with home-country corruption, and these skills become a competitive advantage in similarly corrupt host countries. We test the model using data on bilateral FDI stocks among a large number of home and host countries, using a variety of specifications and estimation strategies to provide robustness. Our results show that the effects of host-country corruption and of differences in corruption levels between home and host countries are statistically and economically significant.     

Modes of Foreign Direct Investment and Intellectual Property Rights Protection: Wholly‐owned or Joint Venture? Firm‐level Evidence from Taiwanese Multinational Manufacturing Enterprises

This paper finds evidence from Taiwanese manufacturing multinational enterprises (MNEs) for the period 2003–2005 to show that Taiwanese manufacturing MNEs are more likely to choose joint ventures (JVs) if intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection in the foreign direct investment (FDI) host country is strong. The estimation results suggest that if a country with an IPR strength similar to the level of Chile increases its IPR protection to the strength of Taiwan, the probability of forming JVs in that country will increase by 13.8%. One policy implication of this study is that developing countries can stimulate local participation by IPR reform.     

Foreign Acquisitions,Domestic Multinationals,and R&D

Our aim in this paper is to evaluate the causal effect of foreign acquisition on research and development (R&D) intensity in targeted domestic firms. We are able to distinguish domestic multinational enterprises (MNEs) and non‐MNEs, which allows us to investigate the fear that the change in ownership of domestic MNEs to foreign MNEs leads to a reduction in R&D activity in the country. Overall, our results give no support to the fears that foreign acquisition of domestic firms leads to a relocation of R&D activity in Swedish MNEs. Rather, in this paper, we find robust evidence that foreign acquisitions lead to increasing R&D intensity in acquired domestic MNEs and non‐MNEs.     

Detecting which firm-specific characteristics impact market-oriented R&D

This paper investigates which firm-specific characteristics lead multinational enterprises (MNEs) to increase their R&D expenditure in host countries as a way of expanding their business into local markets (market-oriented R&D). The literature that addresses this topic is quite limited because of the difficulty of separating market-oriented R&D expenditure from knowledge-sourcing R&D expenditure in the data. We argue that determining the relationship between local sales and R&D expenditure is a better way to identify whether MNEs are investing market-oriented R&D than is separating the two types of R&D. For connecting firm-specific characteristics, local-market sales, and R&D expenditure together, we adapt two-stage regressions. By employing data from Taiwanese multinationals from 2003 to 2006, we found that if an MNE moves its technology toward capital-intensive products, it increases its R&D expenditure to promote its sales in the local markets in the host country.     

腐败对外国直接投资影响的实证分析

本文依据世界106个国家的截面数据．分析了腐败对外国直接投资（FDI）的影响。研究结果表明，腐败与FDI之间存在显著的负相关。但是，腐败对FDI的负面影响可以在一定程度上被诸如东道国经济开放和政治稳定等积极因素所抵消。     

Role of home and host country innovation systems in r&d internationalisation: a patent citation analysis

This paper has three novelties. First, we argue that any given R&D facility’s capacity to exploit and/or augment technological competences is a function not just of its own resources, but the efficiency with which it can utilise complementary resources associated with the relevant local innovation system. Just as asset-augmenting activities require proximity to the economic units (and thus the innovation system) from which they seek to learn, asset-exploiting activities draw from the parent’s technological resources as well as from the other assets of the home location’s innovation system. Furthermore, we argue that most firms tend to undertake both asset exploiting and augmenting activities simultaneously. Second, we use patent citation data from the European Patent Office to quantify the relative asset augmenting vs. exploiting character of foreign-located R&D. Third, we do so for European MNEs located in the US, as well as US MNEs located in Europe. Our results indicate that both EU (US) affiliates in the US (EU) rely extensively on home region knowledge sources, although they appear to exploit the host country knowledge base as well.