A Very Simple Model for Declining Mean Fitness

We describe a large-population one-locus, two-allele model that, for certain values of viability and fertility selection parameters, displays a substantial monotonic decline in population mean fitness, concurrent with complete replacement of the allele associated with higher fitness by the allele associated with lower fitness.     

The Behaviour of Declining Industries

This paper examines how the prospect of imminent exit by a competitor in a declining industry affects the market behaviour of that industry prior to exit. We show that 'survivor' firms have an incentive to increase their holdings of inventories and to hold excess capacity before exit occurs. Preparation for the failure of a rival will also involve increasing output. This will push down the market price and may hasten the rival firm's demise. The welfare consequences of these actions are mixed but can be very different from the same actins in a growing or stable industry. In particular, holding excess capacity or increased inventories may be procompetitive.     

略论衰退产业调整与升级模式

文章详细论述了衰退产业调整与升级的模式,在调整模式方面,提出衰退产业调整的模式主要从产品结构、技术结构、组织结构、资产结构和空间区位等方面进行调整;在衰退产业升级模式方面,主要通过技术改造、技术创新和产品创新实现产业升级.     

A Theory of Constitutional Standards and Civil Liberty

Why would potentially intolerant majorities in a democracy protect the rights of unpopular groups? This paper models the formation of legal standards that determine the extent of civil liberty in a society. It is shown that tolerant legal standards emerge over time, despite all individuals having intolerant preferences. Each period citizens choose activities that have social consequences. A majority vote determines which of these activities are legally protected. Because of errors in interpreting the symbolic content of these activities, voters from the majority will not impose excessively intolerant standards, otherwise they may end up severely punishing members of their own group by mistake.
Extending this framework to a dynamic model, we examine Markovian equilibria of the game when government improves with time in its ability to correctly interpret citizens' activities. These improvements allow an unchanging majority to impose increasingly intolerant standards over time. It is shown that societies with high political turnover due to population changes are apt to choose tolerant legal standards. Societies with low turnover are more apt to choose more intolerant and unstable ones. Each group seeks to prevent auditing capabilities of government from improving too much over time in order to prevent future majorities from successfully enforcing more intolerant standards.     

Bottom-Fishing and Declining Prices in Sequential Auctions

We study standard sequential auctions, in which the seller chooses the order of sale, and right-to-choose auctions, in which the winner chooses her preferred item from the remaining items. Empirically, prices in sequential auctions tend to decline, and sellers often hold right-to-choose auctions. In our setting, the right-to-choose format guarantees declining prices and efficiency. In the standard auction, a buyer may submit a low bid for the first item ("bottom-fishing") despite its being her less-preferred item. An example shows that the standard auction has declining prices, is inefficient, and gives lower expected revenue than the right-to-choose. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D44, D82.     

管理模式的“适应性效率”标准--一个来自比较管理的解释

比较管理理论为研究中国式管理,提炼中国管理模式提供了科学有效的方法,但由于在比较时缺乏一套有效的衡量标准,导致对企业动态因素的处理不充分,无法展开全面的比较。将诺斯提出的“适应性效率”概念引入比较管理中,论证了“适应性效率”更适合作为比较不同情境中企业管理模式的评价标准,试图通过相关理论解释来弥补比较管理研究的不足,也为进一步解读中国式管理,提炼中国管理模式提供理论依据。     

我国会计准则评价机制初探

会计准则的评价机制是会计准则体系中不可或缺的组成部分,而当前我国尚未形成经常性的会计准则评价机制。本文在描述我国会计准则评价现状的同时,试图从评价主体、评价客体、评价方法三方面入手,为我国的会计准则评价机制构建一个期望的构架。其中评价主体可分为准则制定人员的自我评价和外部评价,评价客体则包括准则制定机制、准则内容、准则实施效果等,评价方法有观察判断、调查分析、实践检验等。     

关于我国中期财务报告会计准则的国际比较

近期我国《企业会计准则——中期财务报告》制定出台,并于2002年1月1日起 在上市公司实施。本文将我国的中期财务报告会计准则与国际会计准则进行比 较,并就两者在范围、内容、确认、计量和披露等方面的不同之处提出一些看法。     

金融资产终止确认会计准则研究

初始确认与终止确认研究的非对称性,导致了IASB与FASB在金融危机之前发布的金融资产终止确认会计准则质量低下,不能有效地约束资产转移方选择合理的会计政策,诱使发起人弱化证券化基础资产的风险管理意识。IASB与FASB现阶段正在改进的金融资产终止确认准则,虽然立足于资产定义,却错误地解释了获取未来经济利益的方式,可能导致不合理的会计处理。改进现行金融资产终止确认会计准则,建议基于正确解读资产定义,从完善概念框架与公允价值计量等层面入手。     

Declining Discount Rates: The Long and the Short of it

The last few years have witnessed important advances in our understanding of time preference and social discounting. In particular, several rationales for the use of time-varying social discount rates have emerged. These rationales range from the ad hoc to the formal, with some founded solely in economic theory while others reflect principles of intergenerational equity. While these advances are to be applauded, the practitioner is left with a confusing array of rationales and the sense that almost any discount rate can be justified. This paper draws together these different strands and provides a critical review of past and present contributions to this literature. In addition to this we highlight some of the problems with employing DDRs in the decision-making process, the most pressing of which may be time inconsistency. We clarify their practical implications, and potential pitfalls, of the more credible rationales and argue that some approaches popular in environmental economics literature are ill-conceived. Finally, we illustrate the impact of different approaches by examining global warming and nuclear power investment. This includes an application and extension of Newell and Pizer [‘Discounting the benefits of climate change mitigation : how much do uncertain rates increase valuations?’ Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 46 (2003) 52] to UK interest rate data.     

GATT/WTO框架中环境标准和劳工标准

从环境标准和劳工标准的视角,探究GATT/WTO在尊重国家主权和提高全球效率之间寻找平衡的制度安排.在引入关税和国内环境标准与劳工标准的模型中,产生单边的贸易政策引起的非效率均衡点.而在GATT/WTO构建的多边贸易协定平台上,能解决国内和国际环境与劳工标准的分歧,增加贸易的透明度,达到更有效率的互惠贸易均衡点.     

会计准则结构及其构成要素研究--对我国会计概念框架构建的思考

传统的会计准则制定模式中都特别强调了会计概念、会计原则和会计规则的突出地位,因而有了原则导向(或基础)的会计准则制定模式、规则导向(或基础)的会计准则制定模式以及安然等财务欺诈案件后美国目标(实际是概念)导向的会计准则制定模式的说法。通过对现有会计准则制定模式的反思,我们认为会计概念、会计原则和会计规则不应是会计准则制定的导向或基础,而是会计准则结构体系的构成要素。在本文中,我们对其各自的含义界定和功能定位进行初步探讨,旨在为建立我国的会计概念框架,完善会计准则体系提供理论参考。     

A Model of TFP

This paper proposes an aggregative model of total factor productivity (TFP) in the spirit of Houthakker (1955–1956) . It considers a frictional labour market where production units are subject to idiosyncratic shocks and jobs are created and destroyed as in Mortensen and Pissarides (1994) . An aggregate production function is derived by aggregating across micro-production units in equilibrium. The level of TFP is explicitly shown to depend on the underlying distribution of shocks as well as on all the characteristics of the labour market as summarized by the job-destruction decision. The model is also used to study the effects of labour-market policies on the level of measured TFP.     

物价上涨、增长衰退与我国货币政策的有效性分析

近段时期以来,囿于美国金融危机的冲击,物价波动、人民币升值以及经济增长趋缓的压力开始成为货币政策调控的焦点所在。长期以来,宏观领域积累的流动性过剩实际上是对我国货币供求非均衡———即超额货币现象的反映,文章从理论分析和实证检验的角度,通过对货币供给与物价和产出相互关系的理论分析和检验,指出了目前经济条件下我国货币政策调控面临的困境,并针对这些问题就提高我国货币政策调控的有效性提出了几点建议。     

中国会计准则与国际会计准则差异的环境因素

全球经济一体化和资本市场全球化越来越要求会计能够成为一门国际通用的商业语言，以增进各国会计信息的可比性和透明度。中国会计准则发展模式应通过比较与国际财务报告准则存在的差异，并结合中国特殊会计环境，坚持国家化，而不应该全盘国际化；不同类型企业应执行不同的会计准则。     

新准则下关于无形资产会计准则的思考

无形资产新准则对无形资产的确认、计量、披露等方面进行了一系列的修改。本文在对这些内容进行阐述的基础上,指出了新准则的积极作用,同时也提出无形资产新准则有待完善的方面。     

A Model of Shareholder Discounts

Many companies supplying consumption goods and services provide their shareholders with price discounts. This paper presents a simple model describing shareholder discounts and consequent market equilibrium. It is found that shareholder discounts resemble many features of two-part tariffs. The welfare analysis shows that the equilibrium outcomes with shareholder discounts are Pareto inefficient. Compared with uniform pricing, shareholder discounts unambiguously increase major shareholders' wealth but their effects on consumers and society are generally ambiguous.     

A Model of Efficient Discovery

We construct a model of costly pretrial discovery (represented as learning the drift rate of a diffusion process by observing its path) and settlement negotiations (analyzed as a mechanism design problem) in which the gains from settling are the avoided costs of a trial whose outcome is correlated with their private information. We show that for this particular model, the parties' expected gains from a joint plan of discovery preceding the settlement negotiations are unaffected by their privately known parameters; hence there is no intrinsic impediment to initial agreement on an efficient plan of discovery.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Nos.: C78, D74, D82, K41.