Debt Management under Corporate and Personal Taxation

The presence of long-term debt in a corporation's capital structure is shown to give rise to a valuable tax-timing option that can be exercised by the firm on behalf of its shareholders. This option, which is not available if the firm is fully equity financed, implies that leverage will have a positive tax effect on total firm value even if there is no such effect associated with the tax deductibility of the coupon interest payments on debt. The more volatile interest rates and bond prices are, the more valuable the tax-timing option and the larger the favorable impact of debt on shareholder wealth.     

A robust VaR model under different time periods and weighting schemes

This paper analyses several volatility models by examining their ability to forecast Value-at-Risk (VaR) for two different time periods and two capitalization weighting schemes. Specifically, VaR is calculated for large and small capitalization stocks, based on Dow Jones (DJ) Euro Stoxx indices and is modeled for long and short trading positions by using non parametric, semi parametric and parametric methods. In order to choose one model among the various forecasting methods, a two-stage backtesting procedure is implemented. In the first stage the unconditional coverage test is used to examine the statistical accuracy of the models. In the second stage a loss function is applied to investigate whether the differences between the models, that calculated accurately the VaR, are statistically significant. Under this framework, the combination of a parametric model with the historical simulation produced robust results across the sample periods, market capitalization schemes, trading positions and confidence levels and therefore there is a risk measure that is reliable.

Taxation,time preference,and long term international lending

This paper considers capital movements between two countries with infinite horizons that differ in their rates of time preference. The paper investigates whether there exist regimes of taxing international lending that follow from national optimizing behavior and are consistent with positive consumption in the impatient country in steady state. Three types of taxation regime are considered: (i) taxation by only the borrower country, (ii) taxation by only the lender country, and (iii) taxation by both countries. For all three cases, positive consumption in steady state by the impatient country is possible if the two countries differ sufficiently little in their rates of time preference.     

新税制下中小企业增值税纳税筹划探讨

2009年1月1日起,我国增值税实行改革,这次改革将使企业近期税负大大减少,促进企业固定资产更新改造,提升企业竞争力。而中小企业在此次改革中如何进一步得到优惠,减少纳税支出成为当前面临的主要问题,本文对此进行粗浅探讨,提出目前中小企业可以利用纳税人身份、积极开展固定资产投资、改变销售方式、利用混合经营等措施进行纳税筹划,从而更好地利用新的税收政策到达节约纳税的目的。     

数字经济下特许权使用费跨境所得征税问题研究

数字经济的繁荣发展为经济增长提供了新的引擎,依托数字化形式存在的产品和服务,在市场上无需设立任何实体就能够进行大规模交易,传统的国际税收规则在通过数字化交易形成的特许权使用费跨境所得征税方面仍显不足。数字经济与贸易的实践拓展,反映到特许权使用费跨境所得及其所得税征收方面,对特许权使用费跨境所得的认定、所得征税权的划分产生直接冲击。本文通过梳理分析国际社会界定的特许权使用费概念,明晰特许权使用费所得种类及内涵,研究数字经济背景下特许权使用费跨境所得税征收及其征税权划分遇到的问题,并吸收借鉴OECD范本、UN范本中有关规则要义以及他国经验,针对我国税法中有关特许权使用费、常设机构认定、税收联结度等规则,提出适应数字经济与贸易发展需要的规则修订和完善建议,以期为我国应对数字经济下特许权使用费跨境所得征税的难题提供借鉴。     

智慧税警协作下的涉税犯罪治理研究

我国涉税犯罪持续高发,依靠传统侦控方式发现和查处的难度不断加大,因而有必要对其新变化及特点进行梳理与总结.分析近年来的犯罪数据及典型案例可知,涉税犯罪的分工组织严密、职业化色彩明显,采用非接触方式从事犯罪活动日益增多,涉税犯罪案件中多种犯罪行为相互交织.涉税犯罪治理面临案件发现受理难度较大、传统侦控难以应对职业化犯罪、违法犯罪的法律规制不足等问题.涉税犯罪治理应从模式和方法上寻求突破,搭建多部门协同共建共治的格局,以智慧税警协作为主线,运用数据导侦及信息研判,实现涉税犯罪的智能防控和精准治理.     

International asset allocation under regime switching, skew, and kurtosis preferences

This paper investigates the international asset allocation effectsof time-variations in higher-order moments of stock returnssuch as skewness and kurtosis. In the context of a four-momentInternational Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM) specificationthat relates stock returns in five regions to returns on a globalmarket portfolio and allows for time-varying prices of covariance,co-skewness, and co-kurtosis risk, we find evidence of distinctbull and bear regimes. Ignoring such regimes, an unhedged USinvestor's optimal portfolio is strongly diversified internationally.The presence of regimes in the return distribution leads toa substantial increase in the investor's optimal holdings ofUS stocks, as does the introduction of skewness and kurtosispreferences.     

Optimal portfolio allocation under the probabilistic VaR constraint and incentives for financial innovation

We characterize the investor’s optimal portfolio allocation subject to a budget constraint and a probabilistic VaR constraint in complete markets environments with a finite number of states. The set of feasible portfolios might no longer be connected or convex, while the number of local optima increases exponentially with the number of states, implying computational complexity. The optimal constrained portfolio allocation may therefore not be monotonic in the state–price density. We propose a type of financial innovation, which splits states of nature, that is shown to weakly enhance welfare, restore monotonicity of the optimal portfolio allocation in the state-price density, and reduce computational complexity. We are grateful to Ken Kavajecz and seminar participants at Harvard Business School, London School of Economics, Maastrict University, ZEI Bonn, and Danske Bank Symposium on Asset allocation and Value-at-Risk: Where Theory Meets Practice for comments on an earlier version of this paper. We also benefitted from the suggestions of two anonymous referees. Our papers can be downloaded from www.RiskResearch.org.     

股市税制的国际比较及借鉴

国际上的股市税制比较 纵观世界主要股市的税收制度,大致可以由三个层次构成:一是股票交易税制;二是股票交易所得税制;三是股票投资所得税制.     

NIMBY and mechanism design under different constitutional constraints

This paper analyzes, in a simple two-region model, the undertaking of noxious facilities when the central government has limited prerogatives. The central government decides whether to construct a noxious facility in one of the regions, and how to finance it. We study this problem under both full and asymmetric information on the damage caused by the noxious facility in the host region. We particularly emphasize the role of the central government prerogatives on the optimal allocations. We finally discuss our results with respect to the previous literature on NIMBY and argue that taking into account these limited prerogatives is indeed important.     

地方税制的国际经验与借鉴

本文通过对美、德、日、法四国的地方税制进行比较分析,归纳出四国地方税制的特征,并在此基础上提出了对我国地方税制改革的建议:建立分级地方税制;选择财产税为地方税主体税种;采用集权为主的税权模式。     

对职工股票期权征税的国际研究和借鉴

由于世界各国对职工股票期权所得的征税规定不同,导致跨国征税十分复杂,从而产生更多的征管漏洞、重复征税和国际争议。我国职工股票期权征税存在很多漏洞,目前外商投资企业约40万家,其中有相当部分实行职工股票期权制度,上述企业职工此项期权所得的征税权属我国所有,但至今许多地方未见征收此税。位列世界企业500强中的绝大多数已来我国投资办企业,其经营者一般是顶级高收入者,也未见其就此项期权向我国纳税。为了堵塞税收漏洞和防止重复征税,必须改进和加强对此项期权的征税。     

转轨时期税收征纳行为的博弈模型与对策分析

征税人和纳税人是税收征纳关系中的两个主体,在税收征纳关系中有着各自的立场和利益。税收博弈关系的存在要求在制定税制时不能仅从政府利益的角度出发,还要充分考虑征税人及纳税人各自的利益及其行为选择。必须采取相应的措施对二者进行约束,以减少税收流失,从而保证国家税款的及时、足额入库。     

存取款一体机优化配置的调查与思考

近年来．各家金融机构为减轻网点营业柜台压力．有效分流客户．提高网点的服务效率和服务水平．大量设立行内式和离行式自助银行．安装存取款一体机、取款机、查询机等自助设备．通过发挥自助设备的优势．降低人力和业务成本．解决人员服务不足的矛盾．使网点的有限资源得到充分利用．从而提高网点的盈利水平。但是,在这个过程中．     

企业改组中资产评估结果的涉税处理与会计核算

资产评估的升值要依据性质区别对待,属资本性资产发生资本利得的应该交纳相应的增值税及企业所得税。至于是否根据评估结果进行调账,应取决于会计主体是否发生了变化与其他因素。     

村镇银行执行财税新政存在的问题及建议

财政部和国家税务总局先后出台财金[2009]15号《关于实行新型农村金融机构定向费用补贴的通知》、财税[2009]64号《财政部国家税务总局关于金融企业贷款损失准备金企业所得税税前扣除有关问题的通知》、财税[2009]99号《财政部国家     

中国房地产税改革分析与建议

本文首先论述中国推进房地产税制改革的必要性和社会基础,然后分析中国房地产税改革和实施的困难与阻力,尤其是社会对房地产税的认识误区,比如对房地产税本质的认识,与土地出让金的混淆等,进而论述房地产税的功能、改革的目标和目的,最后提出房地产税制改革的建议.本文突出强调房地产税改革的近期目标应该以税制自身的改革、税制现代化,以及税制与社会发展相适应为目的,而地方财政收入功能应该放到长期的目标中.建议国家采取"中央定调子,地方定方案"的策略推进房地产税改革.     

高校涉税的美国经验：应税与免税

美国高校历经从单纯免税到免税和应税分野的历史递进,其各个时段的表征背后蕴藏着免税和应税的税法理念之争,不管理论和历史如何演进,高校免税始终是贯彻高校涉税处理之过去、现在和未来的一条主线。在当今非关联营业日渐盛行的高校活动中,唯有以公共目的、公共利益和非关联营业活动的双重标准为评价工具,才有可能理清高校所涉活动的免税和应税归属,进而明确高校及其活动的税法地位,而这恰恰是美国税法的贡献所在。