Small Firm Dynamics: Evidence from Africa and Latin America

This paper investigates the determinants of survival and growth among small and very small enterprises in Africa and Latin America. Location is found to be an important factor. Firms located in urban and commercial areas are more likely to survive during a given year than those located in rural areas or those being operated out of home. Urban and commercial location is also associated with faster growth, as measured by the number of employees hired in a given year. Studies are also cited to show that human capital matters, especially when it is in the form of vocational training or prior business experience.     

Export diversification trends: Some comparisons for Latin America

The present paper is an attempt to establish some stylized facts about the process of export diversification and structural change in exports for six key Latin American economies: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela. There has been a long-run trend toward export diversification in the region which has persisted through both inward- and outward-looking policy experiments, and over a variety of macroeconomic conditions. Structural change in exports accelerated during the debt crisis episode of the early 1980s, and more rapid structural change may be associated with policy reform. Our results suggest that important sources of economic risk in Latin America may be declining in the long run, and that economic risk is less sensitive to political risk than is often assumed. 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Institutional investor heterogeneity and firm valuation: Evidence from Latin America

This article analyses how the corporate valuation of Latin American firms is affected by the presence of a blockholder institutional investor. The study uses a data set of 562 firms from six Latin American countries for the 1997–2011 period. We found that the presence of an institutional investor has a positive effect of 8% on firm value, which increases to 21% for the cases where there is blockholder coalition with an institutional investor. After dividing the sample by investor type, we found that independent institutional ownership implies a positive premium on firms' Tobin's Q, while the presence of a grey investor has a negative effect on firm valuation.     

Internet-based corporate disclosure and market value: Evidence from Latin America

We examine the relationship between an Internet-based corporate disclosure index and firm value in the seven largest stock markets of Latin America. We find, after controlling for firms' characteristics, industry and country of origin, that an increase of 1% in the Internet-Based Corporate Disclosure Index causes an increase of 0.1592% in the Tobin's Q and an increase of 0.0119% in the firm's ROA. These findings are robust after considering the potential endogeneity of our regression variables. The evidence contributes to the literature suggesting that firms can differentiate themselves by self-adopting better financial and corporate disclosure measures using the Internet.     

Foreign Exchange Reserves and Import Demand: Evidence from Latin America

This paper investigates the impact of foreign reserves, domestic real income and relative import prices on import demand for seven Latin American countries. We differentiate empirically between the short‐run and long‐run impact of reserves, income and prices on imports. The paper has three main results. First, we show that there exists a unique long‐run relationship among real imports, real income, relative import prices and real foreign exchange reserves for all seven countries. Second, we find that increases in foreign exchange reserves exert a significant positive effect on import demand in both the long run and the short run in all countries. However, the economic impact of foreign exchange reserves is rather small. Finally, we find that the long‐ and short‐run impact of real domestic income on import demand is positive as well, while the effect of relative prices is negative.     

出口、对外投资与中国国家形象:来自拉丁美洲的证据

改革开放以来,中国对以开放促发展的道路进行了全面的探索,"走出去"战略的提出,加快了中国资本走出国门的步伐。国家形象作为"软实力"建设的重要一环,是否会受到越来越活跃的对外经济活动的影响,如何在不断扩大对外经济活动的同时塑造一个良好的国家形象?本文使用Latinobarómetro所提供的涵盖18个拉美国家的微观调查数据,尝试对这一问题做出回答。通过实证模型的检验,结果发现:中国出口的增加会降低东道国对于中国国家形象的评价,但影响程度较小,而对外投资则对中国国家形象有正向影响。通过加入表征个体特征变量与核心变量的交互项,文章发现受教育水平越高、经济条件越好以及具备学生身份的群体随着中国在东道国经济活动的增强,对于中国国家形象的评价会越高。分行业来看,初级产品部门的出口活动所引致的对于中国国家形象的负面评价最为显著;从具体的职业划分来看,无论是中国的出口总额、出口种类还是对外投资,对东道国个体经营者造成的影响相对于工薪阶层要更加显著。     

Theory and practice of corporate finance: Evidence and distinctive features in Latin America

We survey 290 LATAM firms on capital budgeting, cost of capital and capital structure issues. We analyze the results and compare them to those of other studies. We interpret differences according to special features characterizing both emerging markets and SME. We observe that LATAM firms make use of standard capital budgeting techniques, but give special weight to liquidity and capital rationing considerations. They rely less on cost of capital formal estimations; rather, they use investors' requests as their primordial input. Finally, surveyed firms are less leveraged, and inclined toward stressing the role of internal financing and minimizing payment commitments.     

The effect of ownership concentration and composition on dividends: Evidence from Latin America

We analyze a unique data set of publicly traded firms based in six Latin American countries to study the joint effect of ownership concentration and composition on dividend policy. We find that when ownership concentration is high and the largest investor is identified as an individual, firms tend to pay fewer dividends consistent with individual investors extracting benefits from minority shareholders. However, if the largest shareholder is based in a common law country, the dividend paid is significantly higher. Finally, greater ownership by the second largest shareholder decreases firm dividends suggesting the monitoring role of a large shareholder.     

The impact of internationalization degree on cash levels: Evidence from Latin America

Although cash management has been extensively studied, the cash policies of multinational corporations (MNCs) outside of the U.S. market have been underexplored. We fill this gap in the literature by comparing the cash policies of MNCs to those of non-MNCs in a Latin American setting (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru). Using different proxies for multinationality, we find evidence that the cash holdings of multilatinas are significantly higher than those of their domestic counterparts. Overall, given that foreign markets may offer the best investment opportunities for many MNCs, our results are consistent with the argument that multilatinas maintain higher cash levels to take advantage of the greater growth opportunities abroad. We contribute to the literature on cash management and international business by expanding knowledge regarding the efforts of MNCs in emerging markets. Our results hold following a series of robustness checks and endogeneity concerns.     

Tail systemic risk and contagion: Evidence from the Brazilian and Latin America banking network

In this study the tail systemic risk of the Brazilian banking system is examined, using the conditional quantile as the risk measure. Multivariate conditional dependence between Brazilian banks is modelled with a vine copula hierarchical structure. The results demonstrate that Brazilian financial systemic risk increased drastically during the global financial crisis period. Our empirical findings show that Bradesco and Itaú are the origin of the larger systemic shocks from the banking system to the financial system network, the real economy, and the region. The results have implications for the capital regulation of financial institutions and for risk managers' decisions.     

Negotiating in Latin America

Abstract

The emerging role of Latin America in the global marketplace suggests that understanding and managing cross-cultural negotiations will become increasingly important between Latin America and the rest of the world, including and especially the United States and Canada. While North America and Latin America were colonized at about the same time, different historical development, economic conditions, and cultures influence their approaches to negotiation. This paper examines what we know about negotiating in Latin America, based on anecdotal and empirical evidence, and what aspects of negotiation behavior require further study and elucidation.

Resumen

La nueva y creciente posición de América Latina en los mercados globales hará que el entendimiento y la administración de los procesos de negotiatíon inter-culturales entre América Latina y el resto del mundo, con especial énfasis en Estados Unidos y Canadá, adquiera mucha mayor importancia. Norte y Latino América fueron colonizadas en épocas aproximadamente similares, sin embargo, los procesos requeridos para negociar con cada uno de ellos han sido influenciados por diferentes desarrollos históricos, condiciones económicas y aspectos culturales. Este artículo examina a través de evidencia anecdótica y empírica los aspectos de negociaión en América Latina ya conocidos y aquellos que requieren investigación adicional.

Resumo

O papel emergente da América Latina no mercado global sugere que o entendimento e a gerêntia de negociações inter-culturais se tornará cada vez mais importante entre a América Latina e o resto do mundo, destacando-se os Estados Unidos e o Canadá. Apesar de a América do Norte e a América Latino terem sido colonizados em torno da mesma época, diferentes desenvolvimentos históricos, condições econômicas e culturas influenciaram a sua forma de negociar. Esse artigo examina o que nós sabemos a respeito de negocição na América Latina, baseado em evidências casuals ou empíricas, e que aspectos do comportamento de negociação requerem estudos mais aprofundados ou maior elucidação.     

Latin America: Environmental and firm-level challenges

During the last decades Latin America, as the rest of the world, has gone through a process of increased commercial openness and due to the commodities price boom of the last years the region has grown significantly. However competitiveness hasn't improved much, mostly due to lack of concern from governments. Companies, though, cope with the increase in competition resulting from the greater openness by refining their management practices in the different management areas: marketing, finance, information technology and strategy. Academics study these effects in the papers that comprise the special issue of the Journal of Business Research with the best papers from the conferences of the Business Association for Latin American Studies (BALAS).     

Business Ethics Index: Latin America

For almost 10 years, the Business Ethics Index (BEI) has measured consumers’ perceptions of business ethical behavior in the USA and numerous other countries. This article expands the BEI to five Latin American countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Mexico, Argentina, and Colombia). The BEI of Argentina and Bolivia were similar in magnitude to the USA, whereas those for Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico were distinctly higher. The component sub-indices showed divergent patterns. The major ethical concerns for Brazil and Bolivia concerned service, whereas Mexico and Argentina complained about overpricing.     

Latin America: Taking the Helm

The eyes of the world are locked on Europe these days.This is understandable.After all,the storm in the euro area casts a long shadow over the entire global economy. But the IMF has 187 members,and my job is to serve each and every one of them as effectively as possible.Like so many in the region,Latin America countries have done remarkably well over the past few years.They have harvested the fruits of strong fundamentals,sound policy frameworks,and prudent macroeconomic policies and are now enjoying sustained growth with reduced vul-nerabilities,an enviable sweet spot.     

Remittances and Development in Latin America

Flows of workers’ remittances have become a major source of external finance for developing countries and are particularly important in Latin America and the Caribbean, where they are estimated to have reached $40 billion in 2004. Not surprisingly, academics, policymakers and development practitioners in general have been devoting increasing attention to the potential development impact that these flows may have on receiving countries. This paper contributes to this debate along four dimensions. First, it reviews the evolution of remittances flows to Latin America, using Balance of Payments data, and compares these statistics with estimates of remittances income based on Household Surveys. Second, the paper describes the varying profile of remittances recipients in ten Latin American countries. Third, the paper reviews the few macro‐ and microeconomic studies that have estimated the impact of remittances on poverty and inequality. Finally, the paper expands some of the existing works to investigate the extent to which that impact is different in Latin America and varies across countries in the region.