中日两国产业内贸易的实证研究

本文对中日双边贸易中制成品产业内贸易的发展现状、特征以及影响因素进行了实证研究,发现随着中日双边贸易中资本和技术密集型产品比重的提高,制成品产业内贸易比重也有所提高;其中,机械和运输设备产业内贸易所占比重最高;垂直差异化产品产业内贸易是中日制成品产业内贸易的主要形式;日本对华直接投资活动活跃、跨国公司国际一体化生产体系的构筑及其产业内投资的发展、中国持续经济增长引起的市场容量扩大、加工贸易的快速发展、产品差异化发展以及便利的地理区位因素均有利于促进双边产业内贸易的发展,规模经济和贸易壁垒因素对其则尚存消极影响。     

中国对外贸易政策取向的实证研究——基于中韩自由贸易区的建立

产业内贸易程度不仅可以衡量一国在国际上的产业竞争优势和国际分工地位,而且能全面反映贸易双方在规模经济、技术进步、消费者福利等多方面的优势。文章通过对1992～2007年中韩产业内贸易指数的计算和实证分析发现:中韩产业内贸易还存在诸多问题,农产品的产业内贸易程度太低,工业制成品的产业内贸易多为垂直型,并且有加工贸易的迹象。因此文章建议:在中韩自由贸易区的环境下,通过外商直接投资促进中韩产业内贸易由垂直型向水平型转变,进而改善我国的贸易条件;借助中韩自由贸易区关税优惠政策和原产地的便利,进一步扩大中韩贸易市场份额,共享中韩自由贸易的成果。     

中韩产业内贸易的实证分析——以工业制成品贸易为例

近年来,中韩贸易规模迅速增长,产业内贸易也得到迅速发展,本文首先考察了1992年以来中韩两国工业制成品产业内贸易的发展,然后通过实证研究检验了1986-2005年两国工业制成品产业内贸易的影响因素。结论显示,韩国对华直接投资是推动中韩产业内贸易的关键因素,中韩间的地缘优势及不断发展的区域经济合作也促进了两国产业内贸易的发展。最后,本文提出了相应的政策建议。     

产业内贸易决定因素——基于我国装备制造业的静态面板数据

本文利用F-F指数计算了我国制造业产业内贸易水平,结果显示产业内贸易处于较高水平并且呈上升趋势。对指数进行分解可以看出:垂直型产业内贸易虽然下降但仍处于主导地位;水平型产业内贸易在上升,说明我国装备制造业目前还处于加工贸易的低端,但在不断提升国际分工地位。对产业内贸易决定因素的实证研究显示,要素禀赋及其变化是引起产业内贸易变动的主要因素,而外商直接投资、规模经济和产品差异三个因素的影响很微弱,这表明我国装备制造业扩张的基础是比较优势且主要集中于产业链低端。     

Do overseas investments create or replace trade? New insights from a macro-sectoral study on Japan

This paper investigates the relationship between outward foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports and imports from Japan, employing an augmented standard gravity model. Several econometric techniques, including the Gamma Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimator, are used to rectify possible problems of heteroskedasticity and zero trade flows inherent in the estimation of gravity models of trade. The major finding is that outward FDI is trade enhancing for the Japanese manufacturing industry. However, we find that whether outward FDI creates or replaces trade depends on the industry under scrutiny. Our results indicate that the complementary relationship between FDI and trade is dominant in Japanese manufacturing, especially in the food and beverages, electric machinery, primary metals, and precision machinery sectors. We find also that Japanese overseas investments substitute for imports of chemical products, and for both exports and imports of general machinery.     

Competing globally: How Japanese MNCs have matched goals and strategies in India and China

Japanese MNCs have established strong investment positions in the US, Europe and Asia. China has been a major recipient of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI), while investment in India has grown much more slowly. We argue that the differences extend much beyond the levels of investment—Japanese involvement in India and China is qualitatively different. Japanese FDI in China was motivated by access to location-specific productive resources, and it involved a high degree of technology, management skills and organizational knowledge transfer. The Japanese subsidiaries in China were integrated with the network of international subsidiaries as a part of the MNC's global strategy. Japanese FDI in India, however, was motivated by the desire to access local markets. It involved less transfer of technology and management skills, and Japanese subsidiaries in India operated independently as part of a multi-domestic strategy. We conclude that foreign entrants to the region should be aware and able to respond to the unique advantages of each host country and to the different strategies and capabilities of the subsidiaries of Japanese MNCs.     

Vertical Intra-Industry Trade and Product Fragmentation in the Auto-Parts Industry

A distinctive feature of present globalization is the development of international production sharing activities, i.e. production fragmentation. The increased importance of fragmentation in world trade has created an interest among trade economists in explaining the determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) in intermediate goods. In this study, the extent of IIT in Austria’s auto-parts trade is analyzed by decomposing Austria’s auto-parts trade into one-way trade, vertical IIT, and horizontal intra-industry trade IIT. Then, the development of vertical IIT in the auto-parts industry is examined as an indicator for international fragmentation of the production process between Austria and its 29 trading partners, and various country-specific factors suggested by the fragmentation literature are tested using panel econometrics as well as more recent data from 1996 to 2006. The results show that a substantial portion of IIT in the Austrian auto-parts industry is vertical IIT, and the econometric results mainly support the hypothesis drawn from the fragmentation theory. In particular, the findings show that the extent of Austria’s vertical IIT in auto-parts is positively correlated with average market size, differences in per capita GDP, and foreign direct investment, while it is negatively correlated with distance.     

中澳两国产业内贸易的实证研究——基于1997-2007年进出口贸易数据

本文首先通过理论和实证比较选取Aquino指数对中澳两国产业内贸易状况进行了测度,然后利用GHM法将产业内贸易细分为垂直型和水平型,从更深层次研究中澳两国产业内贸易现状和发展趋势,结果发现:中澳两国初级产品产业内贸易整体水平较低,但Aquino指数呈现上升趋势,产业内贸易水平有进一步提升的空间;中澳两国制成品产业内贸易整体水平明显高于初级产品,但无论是资本、技术密集型产业还是劳动密集型产业,中国都不具有优势,中国劳动密集型制成品没有表现出预想优势,贸易条件持续恶化,资本或技术密集型制成品与澳大利亚有较大差距,但差距呈现缩小趋势。     

外商直接投资与对外贸易技术溢出效应比较——基于面板因果关系的研究

开放经济中,最主要的国际经济关系是国际投资和国际贸易,二者都对东道国的产业有技术上的影响。文章运用面板单位根检验、协整检验以及误差修正模型等现代计量经济学方法,考察外资和进出口对中国整体技术水平的影响。结果显示FDI和技术进步互为长期和短期因果关系,对外贸易是技术进步的长期和短期原因,没有证据显示外商直接投资和进出口有长期稳定关系。     

ECFA框架下海峡两岸产业内贸易发展研究

近十年台湾和大陆之间的贸易规模和水平的持续飞速提高为产业内贸易的形成提供了基础,产业内贸易越来越成为其贸易利益的主要来源。文章通过对2000～2009年大陆与台湾产业内贸易总体水平、按技术含量高低分类的产品产业内贸易水平、边际产业内贸易水平以及水平型和垂直型产业内贸易进行量化分析,结果显示海峡两岸产业内贸易总体水平比较高,并且水平型产业内贸易占总产业内贸易的份额有所上升,表明大陆与台湾在国际分工的地位上以及技术水平上的差距正在逐步缩小。文章最后提出了在ECFA框架下发展海峡两岸产业内贸易的对策建议。     

Vertical Intra‐industry Trade and Fragmentation: An Empirical Examination of the US Auto‐parts Industry

The global auto industry has undergone a significant structural transformation in the last two decades as a result of the international fragmentation of production. This increase in cross‐border production‐sharing activities in the auto industry led to intra‐industry trade (IIT) in auto‐parts. In this study, the extent of IIT in the US auto‐parts industry is examined by decomposing trade into inter‐industry trade, vertical IIT and horizontal IIT. Then the development of vertical IIT is analysed as an indicator of international fragmentation between the US and 29 trading partners. Several country‐specific hypotheses suggested by the fragmentation literature are tested for the period 1989–2006. The results indicate that a substantial portion of IIT in the US auto‐parts industry is vertical IIT, and the econometric results generally support the hypotheses drawn from the theory. In particular, the findings show that the extent of the US vertical IIT is positively correlated with average market size, differences in market size, differences in factor endowments and outward foreign direct investment, while it is negatively correlated with distance and differences in per capita GDP.     

Host market characteristics,FDI, and the FDI – trade relationship

This paper empirically examines how a host nation's market characteristics, particularly its market maturity and role as an export platform, affect the amount of inward FDI it receives and its FDI?–?bilateral trade relationship with the FDI source. For the period 1989?–?1999, using Japanese outward FDI into 85 geographically and developmentally diverse countries, we find a positive and significant relationship between FDI inflows and the host's market maturity levels. However, the FDI?–?trade interaction between the host and the FDI source appears to vary inversely with the host country's market maturity level. In addition, after controlling for the host's market maturity, we find that the nature of the host's ‘export platform’ status also significantly impacts both inward FDI flows and the FDI?–?trade relationship.     

Intra-industry trade of transition countries: trends and determinants

This paper analyses trends in different components of trade of transition countries. To explain the cross-country differences, the paper points out the important distinction between the determinants of inter-industry trade and intra-industry trade (IIT), and horizontal and vertical IIT. Using varieties of gravity models, it is shown that variables from Increasing Returns Trade Theory, such as scale economies, similarity of income levels, and number of varieties produced play important roles in IIT, especially in horizontal IIT, whereas factors such as comparative advantage, dissimilarity in income levels, and having more developed trade partners from Heckscher–Ohlin Trade Theory are crucial in determining inter-industry trade and vertical IIT to a lesser degree.     

外商直接投资、技术转移与经济发展

作为世界上吸引外商直接投资最多的发展中国家,中国引进外商直接投资的主要目的已经从资金补充为主导过渡为技术转移为主导.外商直接投资及其技术转移效应的实现为东道国带来的好处主要体现在其促进经济发展方面,通过对在华外商直接投资及其技术转移效应对中国经济增长和对外贸易两个领域贡献的分析,可以就这一问题得出相关结论:在中国的外商直接投资具有越来越明显的技术转移的特征,作为考察对象的外商直接投资及其技术转移效应的实现对中国的经济发展已经起到了非常重要的作用.     

中美产业内贸易研究

本文对中美工业制成品产业内贸易的发展及特征进行了实证研究,发现中美双边贸易中工业制成品产业内贸易所占比重有所提高,其中,机械和运输设备产业内贸易所占比重最高;垂直产业内贸易是中美产业内贸易的主要形式;市场容量扩大、跨国公司价值链管理的需要以及一体化生产体系的构筑均有利于促进双边产业内贸易的发展,中国关税税率的大幅削减对产业内贸易发展的促进作用并不明显,规模经济和贸易障碍对其则尚存消极影响。     

我国外贸外资的技术溢出效应分析

技术溢出是发展中国家分享世界技术进步成果的重要路径,溢出的渠道主要包括国际贸易和国际直接投资(FDI)等。本文运用经拓展后的Coe&Helpman的贸易溢出计量模型,将我国从商品贸易以及FDI中所获得的技术溢出纳入同一模型中加以综合分析。经测度表明,我国外贸外资的技术溢出效应都较显著,且相互间存在着共生互补关系,但相对说来,外资的技术溢出效应略大于外贸的溢出效应;同时,国内R&D的资本存量对外贸外资的技术溢出效应有重要影响,并在此基础上,提出了相应的政策建议。     

Japanese FDI5 and the Transfer of Japanese Consumer Electronics Production to Malaysia

The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of Japanese consumer electronics companies within Malaysia. Research between January and April 1994 revealed the interdependence of a production network not only in Malaysia but within the Asia-Pacific region as a whole, and serves to illustrate the integration of trade and investment in Malaysia's industrial development. While, undoubtedly, the surge of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) into Malaysia's electronics industry between 1986 and 1990 has had enormous positive effects upon infrastructure development and employment creation, the results of this study question whether Japanese FDI is now contributing to the much needed structural up-grading of this industry. Central to this discussion are the underlying strategies of Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) which have relocated in Malaysia.     

Is foreign direct investment a channel of knowledge spillovers? Evidence from Japan's FDI in the United States

Recent empirical work has examined the extent to which international trade fosters international “spillovers” of technological information. FDI is an alternate, potentially equally important channel for the mediation of such knowledge spillovers. I introduce a framework for measuring international knowledge spillovers at the firm level, and I use this framework to directly test the hypothesis that FDI is a channel of knowledge spillovers for Japanese multinationals undertaking direct investments in the United States. Using an original firm-level panel data set on Japanese firms' FDI and innovative activity, I find evidence that FDI increases the flow of knowledge spillovers both from and to the investing Japanese firms.     

产业转移、国际贸易和CO_2排放——来自我国工业的实证分析

文章利用修正的净出口消费指数检验"污染天堂假说"发现,我国没有成为污染产业的"天堂";尽管我国的产业转移是双向的,但工业集聚的程度有所提高。在此基础上,构建CO2排放影响模型实证分析得出以下结论:贸易开放程度对CO2排放有负向影响,提高贸易开放程度有利于降低CO2排放;外商直接投资的存量规模和参与程度对CO2排放均有正向影响,外商直接投资的存量规模或参与程度的提高会增加我国的CO2排放压力。最后指出限制贸易或外商直接投资不能有效降低我国工业的CO2排放,应以产业结构升级为目的,通过提升产业技术水平,降低排放密度来控制CO2的排放规模。     

产业内贸易指标述评

自20世纪90年代以来,产业内贸易(ⅡT)指标从标准G-L指数不断发展为新的分类指标、动态指标和一些扩展指标.这些指标使我们对ⅡT的经验研究不再局限于简单的系数估计,而是可以依据研究目标来检验ⅡT理论的适用性,预测具体的ⅡT模式,以及估计贸易扩张的动态调整效果等.本文尝试将这些ⅡT指标及其适用范围进行综述,以期对人们进行有关研究有所裨益.