中国的健康人力资本与收入增长

本文首次将人口健康作为人力资本的一种形式,探讨其在中国经济奇迹中的作用。基于中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)数据,我们估计了以家庭为基础的个人收入生产函数,发现以下主要结论。首先,个人健康是决定中国家庭人均收入的重要因素。第二,相对而言,农村人口比城市人口的健康经济回报更大。第三,女性比男性的健康经济回报更大。本文首次将人口健康作为人力资本的一种形式,探讨其在中国经济奇迹中的作用。基于中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)数据,我们估计了以家庭为基础的个人收入生产函数,发现以下主要结论。首先,个人健康是决定中国家庭人均收入的重要因素。第二,相对而言,农村人口比城市人口的健康经济回报更大。第三,女性比男性的健康经济回报更大。     

ENDOGENOUS GROWTH, HUMAN CAPITAL, AND INDUSTRY WAGES

Lucas' model (1988) of external effects of human capital formation is taken as a starting point for looking at the impact of human capital on wages. Even though most empirical tests of New Growth Theory are made using time-series and cross-sections of countries — with good reasons — I suggest a microeconometric approach in order to test Lucas' basic assumption of external effects of human capital. As a first step, internal effects of education are filtered out by using wage functions for individuals in Austria. In the second step, resulting industry wage premiums are regressed on industry-specific characteristics and, above all, on average human capital in the industry to account for external effects of human capital.     

HOUSING, SPRAWL, AND THE USE OF DEVELOPMENT IMPACT FEES: THE CASE OF THE INLAND EMPIRE

This article is concerned with the economics of excessively large and socially costly suburban expansion and attempts to summarize and organize the main economic arguments associated with sprawl due to single-family residential home construction. We also apply standard welfare economics and price policy instruments to the issue of suburban sprawl in order to suggest ways in which economics can participate in and inform the debate over sprawl. The article uses the Inland Empire, which includes the valley regions of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties in Southern California east of Los Angeles, as a case study. ( JEL R11, R14, Q24)     

THE EFFICIENCY OF REAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES IN HUNGARIAN INDUSTRY

The author attributes economic growth in Hungary to three factors: structural change, increase of employment, and productivity. On the basis of this he points out that in the 1950's the first two factors were responsible for nearly half of the economic growth. From the 1960's this tendency has changed; more and more importance has been taken by the increase of productivity. As the main source of economic growth is the increase of industrial productivity, in the further part of the study the author makes an attempt to break down the development of Hungarian industry into its components and to analyse their efficiency. Starting from the present conditions of industrial development he investigates what further increase of industry the resources accumulated till now and their probable growth will allow in the future.
Taking into account the role of material and human resources the author draws the following conclusions.
Industrial production will increase in the future at the same rate as productivity.
The increase of industrial investment will probably be lessened, which postulates the greater increase of capital productivity as well as that productivity will increase at a higher rate than the capital-labour ratio.
These conclusions assume an increase in the efficiency of industrial investment and an above average increase in the high-productivity branches.
A further source of increasing productivity is accumulated human capital. The higher educational level is one of the guarantees for the ever-increasing role of productivity in economic growth in the future.     

MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING INDEX,OUTPUT GROWTH,AND PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN THE RETAIL INDUSTRY: AN APPLICATION TO JAPAN

This study applies a framework that enables one to estimate quality, exact cost of living (COL) indexes, and output growth for the retail industry. The framework is based on discrete choice theory, in which product differentiation and quality change are explicitly modeled. For illustration, the framework is then applied to the Japanese retail industry. The estimated quality index shows that, between 1985 and 1999, Japanese retail services quality improved, and the estimated COL index declined monotonically. Furthermore, the results from growth accounting suggest that ignoring both differentiation in the retail services market and changes in service quality may downwardly bias estimated output and productivity growth.     

穗、深、港港口和航空物流对经济增长的作用

港口物流和航空物流是现代物流产业的重要组成部分,与经济发展具有密切的关系.应用Granger因果关系检验法检验广州、深圳和香港1990-2007年间的港口和航空物流增量与当地和包括港澳在内的大珠三角城市群GDP之间增量的因果关系,从定量角度分别研究了广州、深圳和香港港口和航空物流业对城市和区域经济增长的作用,运用回归模型确定港口物流和航空与经济增长之间的数量关系,发现它们呈非线性的三次曲线关系,然后采用边际效应和弹性分析分别计算出三地港口和航空物流业的单位增长给当地和区域经济带来的增长额度,最后提出协调区域物流产业.促进区域经济发展的若干对策建议.     

OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRY SPECIFICITY OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE BRITISH LABOUR MARKET

This paper builds on the recent literature on the importance of occupational and industry experience on wages and extends Kambourov and Manovskii's (2002) study using British data. Occupational experience is estimated to make a significant contribution to wage growth, while the evidence on industry specificity is not very supportive. The second contribution of the paper is that it assesses whether there is heterogeneity in the estimated returns to work experience across one-digit industries and occupations. The findings suggest that industry and occupational experience is important for individuals in professional and managerial jobs or jobs in the banking and finance sector.     

HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN HEALTH: A MEASUREMENT FRAMEWORK AND ESTIMATES FOR THE UNITED STATES, 1952–78

Lack of a conceptual basis for measuring human capital investment in health has hampered efforts to expand national accounting systems to include human capital investment. This paper presents a conceptual basis for developing estimates of this health investment, an estimation methodology consistent with the conceptual basis, and preliminary estimates for the United States for 1952-78. While much work remains to be done before comprehensive estimates of investment in health are achieved, it is clear that previous estimates based on answers to the question, “What improves health?” have included some inappropriate expenditures while excluding others that should be included. The conceptual basis presented here leads to a methodology for separating health care costs (not the costs of illness) into maintenance and gross investment. Gross investment can be further separated into net investment and the sum of damages and depreciation but empirical implementation of this step is not attempted here.     

中国的工业改革与效率变化-方法、数据、文献和现有的结果

全要素生产率是理解经济增长的方式和结构的重要指标之一,中国的工业改革正好为经济学家关注和考察不同所有制的企业形式以及改革政策对生产率变动的不同影响提供了丰富的经验基础.在1978年开始的旨在向市场经济转型的中国经济体制改革正在彻底地改变着它的工业部门面临的市场结构和工业组织,并不断造就着一个与世界经济更加融合的制造业部门.新的和更有竞争力的工业部门在竞争中不断获得了高速增长和扩张的机会,使得中国工业部门的生产率改善主要依赖着非国有企业的成长和它的活力.中国工业改革的成就不是挽救了国有企业,而是收缩了国有企业部门的战线,诱致了一个非国有的新兴工业部门的崛起.     

GROWTH AND CYCLES, IN THE MODE OF MARX AND SCHUMPETER

I propose a theory of endogenous growth and cycles under competitive conditions. Firms choose how many workers to hire, how much to invest, and which technologies to use. New capacity, embodying labor-saving technologies, is costlier than old one but allows for a lower wage bill. The interaction between labor-saving innovations and changes in the relative price of labor is the source of growth cycles.     

中国的工业改革与效率变化-方法、数据、文献和现有的结果

全要素生产率是理解经济增长的方式和结构的重要指标之一,中国的工业改革正好为经济学家关注和考察不同所有制的企业形式以及改革政策对生产率变动的不同影响提供了丰富的经验基础。在1978年开始的旨在向市场经济转型的中国经济体制改革正在彻底地改变着它的工业部门面临的市场结构和工业组织,并不断造就着一个与世界经济更加融合的制造业部门。新的和更有竞争力的工业部门在竞争中不断获得了高速增长和扩张的机会,使得中国工业部门的生产率改善主要依赖着非国有企业的成长和它的活力。中国工业改革的成就不是挽救了国有企业,而是收缩了国有企业部门的"战线",诱致了一个非国有的新兴工业部门的崛起。     

INSOLVENCY AND RISK-TAKING IN THE THRIFT INDUSTRY: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE

This paper puts the current problems facing the thrift industry, Federal Home Loan Bank Board, and Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation into historical perspective. It discusses the development of federal deposit insurance and regulation of depository institutions. The paper discusses causes of the recent financial difficulties faced by thrift institutions and the policy responses to those problems. It then examines the effect of the recent 511 thrift failures on the risk-taking behavior of institutions and the Bank Board's policy responses to risk-taking. Finally, the paper suggests possible responses to the large and growing number of insolvent institutions that have an economic incentive to pursue extremely risky portfolio opportunities.     

POST-REFORM PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE AND SOURCES OF GROWTH IN CHINESE INDUSTRY: 1980–85

This paper examines the productivity growth and its sources in 39 Chinese industries in the post-reform period 1980–85. We use both the gross-output and value-added models to isolate the contributions of labor, capital, materials and technical efficiency to growth in industrial output. Using new data from the National Industrial Census of China (1988) for large and medium-size enterprises, we find that Chinese industries, in particular, those in the manufacturing experienced sharp increases in total factor productivity growth in the 1984–85 period as compared to the 1980–84 period. Moreover, collective and private enterprises show higher output and total factor productivity gains than do state enterprises. Our regression results show that total factor productivity gains are closely tied to increases in retained profits and the proportion of total employees that are technical workers. However, labor bonuses have a negative effect on total factor productivity growth.     

THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENT: HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE CONTRIBUTIONS AND THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

This paper examines the relationship between political action committee (PAC) contributions from four sectors of the health care industry and committee membership in the House of Representatives over three election cycles, 1998–2002. The hypothesis tested is that members of the House who serve on committees with oversight responsibility for the health care industry are more likely to receive contributions from health care industry PACs than members of the House who do not serve on these committees. We find mixed support for the hypothesis. (JEL D72, HI0, I10)     

分税制改革、财政分权与中国经济增长

该文在 Zhang 和 Zou(1998)与 Lin 和 Liu(2000)的框架下实证检验了中国1986?2002年财政分权与经济增长的关系,发现我国的财政分权效应存在显著的跨时差异和地区差异.我们认为,分税制改革后各级政府之间政策协调能力的加强是促进财政分权积极作用的重要原因之一.同时,体制变革的因素、转移支付的设计和政府财政支出的构成也影响了财政分权与经济增长之间的关系.     

全球化与本地化:透视我国个人计算机相关产业群的空间演变

在田野调查的基础上，对比分析了20世纪90年代以来我国三大区域性个人计算机相关产业群的空间演变和区域间的产业联系，特别是在全球产业转移的大背景下，区域差异对地方产业群发展道路的影响。随着我国国内个人计算机市场的成长，计算机产业从以硬件制造为核心向软件、信息服务业为主的方向转变，地方产业群之间的区际分工和产业内部企业之间的专业化都在不断深入，这些转变给区域产业政策的制定提出了新的课题。