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This paper investigates how the characteristics of demand for space help determine the response of aggregate automobile mileage to increased gasoline prices. A typical monocentric model is considered in which household heads commute to work at the center of city. Precise results are derived under the assumption that all households have the same income and that transportation is a small item in the typical budget. Finally, a numerical projection is made based on estimates of the relevant parameters. 相似文献
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河流水系与城市空间结构 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
河流水系是影响和制约城市空间结构的重要自然环境因素.文章在回顾河流水系与城市空间结构关系的基础上,针对现阶段我国水网城市①空间结构发展误区,对与河流水系融合共生的城市空间结构建构方法进行了有益探索.并以南阳市城区空间发展研究为例,提出在城市河流水系生态环境分析的基础上,保护性利用河流水系复合生态功能,挖掘潜在边缘效应,融入城市历史文化内涵,架构完整的城市空间格局. 相似文献
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Qing Shen 《International journal of urban and regional research》1997,21(4):589-606
Traffic congestion and transit service deterioration are becoming acute problems in China’s major cities. Based on a case study of Shanghai, this paper examines the growing gap between the supply of urban transportation facilities and the demand for travel, and discusses the planning implications. Because it will take great amounts of time and resources to transform the municipal transportation infrastructure into one suitable for high level mobility and motorization, the supply side is constrained for the short term. Therefore, planning research is directed primarily to the demand side. Transportation surveys indicate that travel demand has been increasing explosively through a combination of more trips, longer trips, and mode shifts away from walk and transit. Population growth, growth of family income, urban expansion and spatial reconfiguration, the emergence of labor and housing markets, and motorization are identified as the main causal factors. The probable future effects of these factors are analyzed and policy options are explored. The paper argues that enhancing accessibility without inducing mobility should be a basic guideline for policy-making and urban planning. Given the fast pace of urban development and the important role of the municipal government in locating urban activities, land-use planning can be a highly effective means for improving accessibility. Specific land-use strategies and complementary policies are proposed. Since Shanghai is in some important ways representative of large metropolises in the developing world, the case study is potentially valuable for other cities as well. Les embouteillages et la détérioration des services de transport deviennent des problèmes graves dans les villes importantes de Chine. Basé sur une étude de cas de Shangaï?, cet article examine le décalage grandissant entre la demande et la provision des moyens de transport, et discute les implications pour la planification. La transformation de l’infrastructure des transports municipaux afin qu'elle se prête à la mobilité et motorisation de haut niveau demandera un temps et des ressources considérables, et conséquemment l’approvisionnement est limité dans l'immédiat. La recherche sur la planification se concentre donc principalement sur la demande. Les sondages sur les transports indiquent que la demande de transport a beaucoup augmentéà cause d’une conjonction de trajets plus longs et plus nombreux, et de la baisse de la marche à pied et du transit. L’expansion de la population, l’augmentation des revenus familiaux, la croissance urbaine et la reconfiguration spatiale, l’apparition des marchés du travail et du logement, ainsi que la motorisation, sont identifiées comme les causes principales. Les résultats vraisemblables de ces facteurs pour le futur sont analysés et les options politiques sont explorées. Cet article soutient que l’amélioration de l’accessibilité sans inciter la mobilité devrait être une directive fondamentale pour les décisions politiques et pour la planification urbaine. Etant donné la rapidité du développement urbain et le rôle important de la municipalité dans l’établissement d’activités urbaines, la planification de l’aménagement du territoire peut être une méthode très efficace pour améliorer l’accessibilité. Des stratégies spécifiques d’aménagement du territoire et des directives complémentaires sont proposées. Parceque Shangaï est, à beaucoup d’égards, typique des grandes métropoles du monde en voie de développement, cette étude de cas est potentiellement intéressante pour d’autres villes. 相似文献
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George Fallis 《Journal of urban economics》1979,6(2):156-175
A model of an urban area producing one good for export is presented and solved to yield the employment density function. The production technology is a constant elasticity of substitution (σ) production function, unlike other models which use a Cobb-Douglas function. The shape of the employment density function proves to be sensitive to the elasticity of substitution and can diverge markedly from the usually assumed negative exponential form. The employment density function is a constant when σ = 0; always declines for positive σ but at an increasing rate if ; at either an increasing rate near the city center and decreasing thereafter or always at a decreasing rate if ; and at a decreasing rate if σ ≥ 1. When the employment density function is differentiated with respect to σ, the sign of the derivative is positive near the city center and generally negative in the outer regions; the city seems to centralize. A decline in transport costs does not always suburbanize employment; it is contingent on the nature of the production technology. 相似文献
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Dynarski M 《Journal of urban economics》1986,19(1):71-87
The author attempts to establish whether the recent increases in some population subgroups in central cities in the United States is the start of a trend or a temporary phenomenon. Data are from the 1970 and 1980 censuses. The author concludes that the increase is a temporary one that is primarily due to an increase in the size of certain cohorts. The overriding trend is toward suburbanization, and the author concludes that the increase in central city populations will cease as cohorts decline in size. 相似文献
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This paper proposes a varying coefficient model (VCM) to introduce city- and tract-specific variables into the exponential density functions used to study urban spatial structure. Since the selected city- and tract-specific characteristics may be subject to control by policy action and themselves comparatively easily projected on the basis of time, the VCM model can be used for both forecasting and policy analysis even though estimated from cross-sectional data. The results show that questions about the appropriateness of the exponential functional form and specification errors associated with the omission of city- and tract-specific variables can be handled by the VCM model. The paper demonstrates the usefulness of the VCM model as a tool for policy analysis and projection. 相似文献
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Michelle J. White 《Journal of urban economics》1976,3(4):323-343
The theory of firm location within an urban area is extended to consider a city in which firms can export their output via a suburban terminal as well as via the usual CBD terminal. Firms benefit from suburbanization since freight transport costs are reduced and since they can pay lower wages, but labor may be scarce in the suburbs. This forces suburban firms to readjust their wages, causing some workers to out-commute and giving all workers an incentive to relocate. The existence of an employment subcenter under labor scarcity conditions is shown to cause household utility levels to rise, the size of the metropolitan area to increase, and overall urban land value to change indeterminately. Finally, determination of the optimal location for a suburban terminal is considered. 相似文献
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当前,城市更新改造已成为我国新型城镇化发展的重要内容之一,国家"十三五"规划提出"旧区改造与城市更新、产业转型升级更好结合"要求。借助全球第一个创新城区——巴塞罗那普布诺更新改造经验,探讨从老工业区到创新城区转型过程中,城区更新、经济复兴与社会再构的规划、动力和机制,从发展理念、更新内容、发展机制、实施路径等方面总结创新驱动更新改造的模式,为我国城市更新改造与创新发展的有机结合提供借鉴。 相似文献
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城市道路交通环境的社会学分析 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
在分析城市道路交通环境的内涵、功能和社会属性的基础上,对中国城市道路交通环境现状进行反思与检讨.以社会学视角从可达性权利、愉悦性、社会发展的可持续性三个方面分析了道路交通环境问题. 相似文献
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Avi Astor 《International journal of urban and regional research》2019,43(6):1064-1084
How do cities determine who has the right to station themselves in iconic public spaces? This article explores this question by analyzing the evolution of Barcelona's approach to regulating street performance, with a particular focus on regulations pertaining to ‘living statues’. Although most buskers have been expelled from the Ramblas, one of the city's most emblematic walkways, living statues remain permitted on the promenade. This, I argue, is due to the general embrace of statues as part of local tradition and their integration within city‐branding campaigns, as well as their own organizing and boundary work. As the image Barcelona seeks to cultivate has changed, however, the right of statues to station themselves in public space has become ever more tenuous. My findings speak to broader questions regarding how cities determine the boundaries of ‘urban desirability’, as well as why and how such boundaries change over time. They also elucidate the strategies that groups located at the margins employ in attempting to position themselves favorably in relation to such boundaries. More generally, they highlight how current approaches to analyzing urban inclusion and exclusion may benefit from a more sustained engagement with the burgeoning social scientific literature on symbolic boundaries. 相似文献
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This paper analyzes the impacts of urban transportation system changes and income changes on the welfare of people and on the urban spatial structure, in a setting where the income level differs between two groups, and two transportation modes compete with each other in a city. It is demonstrated that an improvement in some transport facility will not necessarily increase the welfare level of every household, and, at times decreases the welfare of some households. It also is argued that under particular situations, an improvement in a particular transport mode may produce a contraction in the city size rather than an expansion. Similarly, an increase in income of one group might have an adverse effect on the welfare of another income group as a result of competition in the land market. 相似文献
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This paper is an empirical study of effects of central city problems on population and employment suburbanization. It is widely believed that high crime, high taxes, and large minority groups in central cities are important causes of rapid suburbanization of U.S. metropolitan areas. A large set of density functions is estimated for population and employment in U.S. metropolitan areas in 1960 and 1970. Thus, relative central city and suburban measures of crime, taxes, etc., are used in an interactive model to explain population and employment suburbanization. It is found that only racial minorities have an effect on suburbanization. 相似文献