Capital Allocation Using the Bootstrap

Abstract

This paper investigates the use of the bootstrap in capital allocation. In particular, for the distortion risk measure (DRM) class, we show that the exact bootstrap estimate is available in analytic form for the allocated capital. We then theoretically justify the bootstrap bias correction for the allocated capital induced from the concave DRM when the conditional mean function is strictly monotone. A numerical example shows a tradeoff exists between the bias reduction and variance increase in bootstrapping the allocated capital. However, unlike the aggregate capital case, the variance increase of the bias-corrected allocated capital estimate substantially outweighs the benefit of bias correction, making the bootstrap bias correction at the allocated capital level not as useful. Overall, the exact bootstrap without bias correction offers an efficient method for determining allocation over the ordinary resampling bootstrap estimate and the empirical counterpart.     

Exploring Formula Allocation for the European Union

This paper explores the efficiency impacts of two methods of consolidated base taxation with formula allocation under consideration in the European Union. The first method, common (consolidated) base taxation (CCBT), would allow companies to choose a single tax base for their EU-wide operations. This tax base would be common throughout the participating member states. The second method, Home State taxation (HST), would also allow companies to choose a single tax base for their EU-wide operations. But, unlike with CCBT, the tax base would be defined according to the rules in the company's residence, or home, state. Thus, several different tax bases would exist within the EU. Both methods would use a common formula to distribute profits across countries. This paper finds that since countries continue to set corporate income tax rates, economic inefficiencies continue to exist under both methods. However, under HST, since the tax base differs according to residence, additional inefficiencies may arise depending on whether countries reduced their tax rates to combat the incentive for companies to relocate to locations with narrow tax bases.     

Pricing and Indirect Cost Allocation — A Note

Companies that use cost-based pricing usually allocate indirect costs to their products. An inherent problem with this is that, while product prices are a function of the total cost, indirect cost allocation methods based on revenues depend on the product prices. This paper shows how to simultaneously determine unique product prices (with unequal markup rates) and cost allocations using the relative revenue method.     

A Note on the Composition of Public Expenditure under Capital Tax Competition

Keen and Marchand ( Journalof Public Economics, 1997, 66, 33–53) argue that undercapital tax competition, the composition of public expenditureis inefficient in that too much is spent on public inputs benefitinglocal business and too little on public goods benefiting residents.Their result depends on labor immobility. This note shows thatthe Keen-Marchand argument may not hold if both labor and capitalare mobile. An interesting case is identified where capital taxationdoes not distort the mix of public goods and public inputs, eventhough the overall level of public expenditure is inefficientlylow.     

股票流动性与企业资本配置效率

本文从市场微观结构的角度,研究我国上市公司股票流动性和资本配置效率之间的经验关系,发现股票流动性有助于降低企业非效率投资,这种负相关关系具体表现为流动性有助于缓解投资不足并抑制过度投资;进一步研究表明,股票流动性主要通过降低代理成本和提升股价信息含量等机制改善资本配置效率。本文研究结论表明,只有继续优化股权结构与公司治理、规范信息披露制度并加强内幕交易打击力度,才能增强市场流动性并提高资本配置效率。     

提高金融资源配置效率的思考——以福建省漳州市为例

全国金融工作会议强调,金融要"回归本源",做好金融工作要"把更多金融资源配置到经济社会发展的重点领域和薄弱环节"。这就要求提高金融资源配置效率,进而提高金融服务实体经济的效率。本文在探讨金融资源配置效率指标体系的基础上,对福建省漳州市金融资源配置效率进行考察和检验,提出提升金融资源配置效率的政策建议。     

经济资本配置与操作风险管理

对我国的商业银行来说,操作风险管理历来是一个薄弱环节,而针对操作风险的经济资本配置更是一个"盲区",引起业界的广泛关注.本文在巴塞尔新资本协议的框架下,从理论和实务两个方面,探讨了关于操作风险的经济资本计量模型、配置方法与管理流程,并结合我国银行业的实际情况,提出了一个较为可行的操作风险经济资本管理的实施路线.     

A Note on The Cost of Capital and Investment Evaluation For Companies Under the Imputation Tax

The 25 May, 1988, Statement of the Federal Treasurer indicated that superannuation funds are to be taxed at 15% from 1 July, 1988. Also, it has become increasingly clear that the cost of tax arbitrage is not so great that it is going to inhibit or prevent those receiving franked dividends, such as offshore investors, from selling the tax credits associated with such dividends. The net result is that franked dividends have the potential for benefitting all investors irrespective of their tax status. The outcome could substantially reduce company tax for Australian companies which in turn can be expected to have an effect on their before-tax cost of capital and on the after-tax cash flows but not on their before-tax cash flows or their after-tax cost of capital. This effect will increase the value of companies paying franked dividends.     

解读巴塞尔新资本协议资本计提的原则和方法

巴塞尔新资本协议的根本目的是要求银行持有充足的资本,新协议中给出了银行计提资本的具体方法和公式。本文总结了新协议资本计提的三个原则,并通过对公式的理论基础和组成部分的解读,深入了解新协议对于资本计提所采用的方法和用意,在此基础上对国内银行业实施新协议计提资本给出有用的建议。     

中国式财政分权影响资本配置效率研究

高度集中的政治管理体制下的财政分权使得中国财政分权对地方政府行为所产生的激励与西方国家不同。使用2002～2009年数据,对中国财政分权与资本配置效率进行理论研究与实证分析,结果表明:财政分权程度的提高对资本配置效率产生了阻碍作用,中国式分权所引致的地方政府规模扩张等行为扭曲是导致财政分权与资本配置效率负相关的主要原因。为此,应改革政绩考核指标、完善税收体系、调整财权分配制度。     

多层次资本市场与资源配置效率

本文以1997—2013年中国31个省份的面板数据作为研究对象,采用空间杜宾模型实证测度了主板市场、中小板市场和创业板市场的资源配置效率。结果表明:中国股票市场更多地体现了政府指导下的资源配置效率,并且主板市场的配置效率最低,创业板的配置效率最高,中小板的配置效率居中;在市场竞价条件下,仅中小板市场发挥了基础配置作用,主板和创业板市场的配置效率尚未显现。因此,只有在强化市场监管独立性的同时,大力推进和完善多层次资本市场才能实现资源的优化配置,进而完成中国经济结构的调整和转型。     

Capital Account Liberalization and Aggregate Productivity: The Role of Firm Capital Allocation

We study the effects of capital account liberalization on firm capital allocation and aggregate productivity in 10 Eastern European countries. Using a large firm‐level data set, we show that capital account liberalization decreases the dispersion in the return to capital across firms, particularly in sectors more dependent on external finance. We provide evidence that capital account liberalization improves capital allocation by allowing financially constrained firms to demand more capital and produce at a more efficient level. Finally, using a model of misallocation we document that capital account liberalization increases aggregate productivity through more efficient capital allocation by 10% to 16%.     

股权再融资、盈余管理与资本配置效率

本文建立了一个模型来分析股权再融资过程中盈余管理产生的机理，分析了盈余管理与配股后运营业绩和股票长期收益的关系。研究表明：上市公司在配股过程中存在系统的盈余管理行为；上市公司配股后的经营业绩出现滑坡，配股前3个年度和配股当年的异常应计利润与配股后的经营业绩具有负相关关系；上市公司配股后的股票长期收益和异常收益下降，配股前3个年度和配股当年的异常应计利润与配股后的股票收益具有负相关关系。本文认为，上市公司配股过程中的盈余管理误导了投资者的决策，造成了股票价值的高估和资本配置效率的下降。     

产融结合资本配置效应的理论分析

本研究以内部资本市场理论为基础,对产融结合的资本配置效应进行了分析,得出结论:产融结合能为企业构造包含金融机构的内部资本市场,一方面可以缓解企业的融资约束,但另一方面也会使企业的组织结构复杂化,公司治理难度加大,进而对资本的配置产生负面影响。     

"松"还是"紧"养老基金资产配置的难题

不可否认,对资产配置的限制可以使养老金资产避免资本市场的代理和投资集中化的系统风险,但同时也会产生一些不利影响.因此,对“松”与“紧”的选择就成了一个政策难题。     

多元化公司内部资本市场配置效率——国外相关研究述评与启示

内部资本市场理论是理解多元化公司内部资金配置最重要的理论之一,本文介绍了多元化公司内部资本市场理论的研究进展,分别围绕内部资本市场的配置效率、测度方法以及内部资本市场与多元化公司价值的实证检验等几个方面,对国外已有的文献进行回顾与梳理,并阐述了内部资本市场理论对我国经济改革与发展具有的重要现实意义。