Is Firm‐specific Return Variation a Measure of Information Efficiency?

The issue of whether firm‐specific return variation measures the private information reflected in stock returns or trading noise is controversial. Using a firm's geographic proximity to its investors as a proxy for a firm's private information, we investigate the relation between firm‐specific return variation and price informativeness. We find that firms located in metropolitan areas experience higher firm‐specific return variation and that holdings and trading by local institutional investors positively affect firm‐specific return variation. These findings suggest that higher firm‐specific return variation is indicative of more informative stock prices.     

股利政策信息结构与股价行为研究

通过构建股利政策信息结构和时空两维股利信息模型,研究中国上市公司不同股利政策的信息结构、信息环境及其对波动性、市场深度和流动性等股价行为的影响。研究发现现金股利政策公告前,没有发现显著的信息性交易行为;股票股利政策公告前后,市场信息结构没有发生显著的变化;不分配利润的企业在公告前,出现了显著的由信息引起的交易行为;公司发布股利政策不仅能够传递公司价值的信息,而且公司价值信息的传递还与市场所处的信息环境密切相关,不同的信息环境、信息结构影响了信息作用于市场变量的变化路径。     

On the valuation of warrants

This article addresses a misconception in the literature concerning the valuation of warrants when a warrant is treated as an option on the stock of the underlying firm. The magnitude and timing of the impact of a warrant issue on the underlying stock price and on the wealth of the firm's shareholders is examined within a continuous‐time arbitrage‐free economy. In particular, it is shown that the stock price of the underlying firm conditionally reflects dilution at all times following the announcement of a warrant issue and notwithstanding that the warrants might not even have been issued yet. Valuing a warrant or convertible security as an option on the post‐announcement underlying stock price means there is no need for any explicit adjustment for dilution to be made to the chosen option pricing model. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:765–782, 2002     

It pays to pay attention: How firm's and competitor's marketing levers affect investor attention and firm value

Investors' attention to a firm's stock has been demonstrated to influence stock returns (Da et al., 2011). But does a firm's marketing information draw attention to a firm's stock? Research in finance, accounting, and marketing has investigated advertising as one potential driver of investors' attention to a firm's stock. How about other potential marketing drivers? The authors develop hypotheses related to the impact of the changes in four marketing levers: advertising, product development announcements, WOM, and customer satisfaction on the change in investor attention to a firm's stock. Furthermore, they investigate the moderating role of competitors' marketing levers in these relationships.To test the hypotheses, they compile a panel dataset with 349 firms covering the 2007–2017 period. The results suggest that the changes in the focal firm's advertising and WOM have a positive and significant impact on the changes in investor attention to the focal firm’s stock. Furthermore, these effects are amplified when there is an increase in competitors' advertising spending and WOM, respectively. For the customer satisfaction lever, the results suggest that the change in competitors' customer satisfaction enhances the impact of the change in focal firm's customer satisfaction on investor attention. Collectively, the results suggest that investors attend to the firm's and its competitors' marketing information in a much more nuanced manner than previously thought.     

Market valuation of marketing alliances in East Asia: Korean evidence

This paper investigates firm value created by non-equity marketing alliance announcements of Korean listed firms in terms of stock price reactions to the announcements. We find evidence that on the Korean stock market, the announcements of marketing alliances produce significant positive abnormal returns, which reflect an increase in firm value, around the announcement date. This suggests that firm managers need to seek for various marketing alliances not only for an effective competition in competitive business environments but also for enhancement in shareholder wealth. The increase in firm value has inverse relationship with firm's size and growth opportunity. In particular, marketing alliances with firms based in G7-countries create greater firm value than ones with firms based in the home country. Our study provides investors, firm managers, and academics with valuable implications of an importance of marketing alliances for valuation of firms in other Asian countries as well as in Korea.     

Recent SEC prosecution and insider trading on forthcoming merger announcements

While trading on nonpublic information is illegal, the enforcement of this law has been elusive, particularly in the area of trading in advance of merger announcements. We examine the impact of insider trading on daily stock price changes for firms identified by the SEC in the Antoniu-Newman insider trading case. Using residual analysis, the abnormal returns occuring prior to the announcement are calculated and compared with a sample of 188 typical merger candidates not identified in the Antoniu-Newman case to determine whether or not there was an unusually large market reaction prior to the forthcoming merger announcement on the subset of merger candidates involved in the court procedure.     

机构投资者的交易行为研究:来自中国台湾股市的证据

文章以中国台湾股市为研究对象,主要研究机构投资者的交易行为。文章构建了机构投资者交易不平衡性指标——净交易,在此基础上研究机构投资者的交易行为。研究结果表明:台湾股票市场中以外资和投信基金为代表的金融机构投资者表现为正反馈的交易策略,并且交易的信息含量较高;一般法人的交易表现为负反馈的交易策略,并且交易的信息含量不足;而自营商由于交易动机复杂,交易的信息含量不明确。可见不同的机构投资者的交易行为并不相同。     

会计盈余信息含量与股利信息含量关系的实证研究

2001年以后,我国证券市场制度建设不断推进,对投资者利益的保护日益受到广泛重视,上市公司的现金股利政策发生了显著变化。同时,我国上市公司的盈利信息和股利信息是同时公布的,因此有必要对上市公司的现金股利信息含量,以及会计盈余信息含量与股利信息含量的确证效应进行检验。实证结果发现:现金股利的变动与股价变动正相关,股利信息具有信息含量;盈利信息与股利信息之间具有一定的确证效应,但投资者不能根据股利信息判断企业未来盈利状况。     

Does internationalization make a difference? Stock market reaction to announcements of international top executive appointments

In recent years, there has been an increasing scholarly and practical interest in the internationalization of top management teams. It is argued that international firms need international top managers to meet the challenges arising from operating across borders. However, the few existing studies that focus on the link between top managers’ internationalization and firm performance yield inconclusive results. Thus, it is an open question if and to what extent international firms can benefit from international top managers. Drawing on upper-echelons theory, resource-dependence theory, and signaling theory, this paper examines how the stock market reacts to the appointment of an international top manager. Our empirical study of German firms employs an event study to analyze the direct impact of internationalization on a firm's stock price. Piecewise regression analysis reveals that a top manager's internationalization needs to exceed a certain threshold before investors incorporate this individual characteristic into their investment decisions. Furthermore, our analysis shows an inverted U-shaped relationship between internationalization and abnormal returns, suggesting that internationalization may have both positive and negative effects on a firm's stock price. We present several explanations for our empirical findings and discuss future research directions.     

How does FX liquidity affect the relationship between foreign ownership and stock liquidity?

This study investigates the roles foreign investors play in a representative emerging market, focusing on the relationship between foreign ownership and stock market liquidity as well as this relationship's response to foreign exchange (FX) liquidity. Our analyses yield three main results. First, the bid–ask spread and price impact of stock trades decrease along with foreign ownership, supporting the view that foreign investors tend to improve stock liquidity. Second, foreign ownership decreases along with a decline in FX liquidity, suggesting that foreign investors care about FX liquidity when determining their stock holdings. Third, stock liquidity increases continuously along with foreign ownership as FX liquidity decreases. Overall, this study's evidence indicates that foreign investors, as liquidity providers, can play a positive role in an emerging economy even when FX liquidity declines.     

The price impact of futures trades and their intraday seasonality

This study examines the price impact of futures trades and their intraday seasonality by analyzing the continuous trading session dataset of KOSPI 200 futures, including the opening and closing periods. For this purpose, the study analyzes the futures dataset that contains information on transaction times, trade directions, order sizes, and the types of investors initiating the transactions. The results suggest several novel findings. First, a substantial portion of the price impact of futures trades is persistent, indicating the presence of informed trading in the futures market. Second, informed trading is concentrated in the opening period and liquidity trading is concentrated in the closing period of the continuous trading session. Third, small trades usually have a greater price impact than large ones, supporting the existence of stealth trading by futures traders. Fourth, trades by institutional investors have a greater price impact than those by individuals, suggesting that institutional investors are better informed and/or more sophisticated than individual investors in the futures market.     

Learning representation of stock traders and immediate price impacts

We use 239-day trading-level data for a stock on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, including about 440,000 traders and 1.77 million trading relationships, to study the representation of traders in a trading network using the network representation learning method, and to identify different traders' local outlier factor (LOF). Based on the local outlier factors, traders are divided into two categories: novel and normal. The novel traders' orders have smaller immediate price impact. Our method can be used to characterize and discover the behavior of medium-scale trading networks and provide certain decision support for market investors and regulators.     

Stock return predictability of the cumulative abnormal returns around the earnings announcement date: Evidence from China

We find that cumulative abnormal returns adjusted by size, book-to-market, and momentum around the earnings announcement date (DGTW_CAR3 hereafter) significantly and positively predict stock returns in the 6-month period from May 2005 to October 2020 in the China's A-shares market. The monthly equally-weighted DGTW_CAR3 premiums are 0.47% and 0.67% after risk adjustment. Although stock price delay fails to fully account for the DGTW_CAR3 premium, we find that the DGTW_CAR3 premium is more significant for illiquid stocks and during periods with high investor sentiment. This result suggests that market inefficiency explains the DGTW_CAR3 premium. Further analysis shows that, in addition to earnings information, the optimism reflected in the management discussion and analysis section of the annual or half-year report also contributes to the DGTW_CAR3 premium. This finding implies that DGTW_CAR3 may contain new fundamental information that correlates significantly and positively with future stock performance. Finally, we find that the institutional ownership change of a stock associated with DGTW_CAR3 also significantly and positively predicts the stock's return, suggesting that institutional investors adjust their holdings according to DGTW_CAR3 and consequently influence the demand for the stock in the China's A-shares market.     

An Analysis of Stock Market Response to the IOC's Commercial Partnership: The Case of the TOP Partnership Program

The purpose of this study was to investigate the empirical properties of stock market response. The financial impact of corporate sponsorship is reflected in the market value of a firm's stock price, which is measured by comparing the abnormal stock return between the preevent window (250 trading days) and the 14 trading days of the event period. Computations of ARs, CARs, and other test statistics were based on the event study model and were carried out using the SAS 9.2 software. For the preevent windows (t = ?3, t = ?1), there were statistically significant positive ARs and 80% of the TOP sponsors showed positive ARs in the overall duration of the Olympic Games. The overall CARs during the event period (t = ?3 through t = +10) indicates marginally positive returns for the event.     

Investor behavior and volatility of futures market: A theory and empirical study based on the OLG model

Investor trading behaviors are always an important issue in behavioral finance and market supervision. This study examines the relationship between investor behavior and future market volatility. We first introduce a two-period OLG model into the futures market, and develop an investor behavior model based on future contract price. We then extend the model to two scenarios: complete and incomplete information. We provide the equilibrium solution, and develop two hypotheses, which are tested with cuprum tick data in Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE). Empirical results show that the two-period OLG model for future market is consistent with the market situation in China. More specifically, investors with sufficient information such as institutional investors usually adopt the contrarian trading strategy, whereas investors with insufficient information, e.g., individual investors, usually adopt the momentum trading strategy. These findings reveal that investor behaviors in the Chinese futures market are different from those of in the Chinese stock market.     

The Effects of Information Disclosure and Board Independence on IPO Discount*

This paper examines the effect of strategic information disclosure and corporate governance on the stock market performance of initial public offering (IPO) firms in France. It argues that information disclosure and board independence mitigate agency problems between the IPO firm and investors, thus reducing the IPO discount defined as the difference between the offer price and the intrinsic value of the firm. However, extensive disclosure may damage the firm's competitive advantage and lead to a curvilinear (an inverted U‐shape) relationship between information disclosure and the IPO discount. Further analysis suggests that it is not necessarily the quantity of information, but rather the type of information, that causes the IPO discount to increase with the amount of disclosure.     

Decomposing the value premium: The role of intangible information in the Chinese stock market

Compared with other developed stock markets, the Chinese stock market has a unique informational and trading environment. Given this unique environment, we find that intangible information (which is orthogonal to past accounting information) and arbitrage risk are potential sources of the value premium. In particular, our single and multivariate decomposition analyses suggest that intangible information directly contributes at least 40% to the value premium over a one-year investment horizon. Further, idiosyncratic volatility, a proxy for arbitrage risk, also influences the value premium. However, its contribution becomes insignificant once we account for the impact of intangible information on idiosyncratic volatility. Overall, our findings indicate that intangible information, which is unrelated to the firm's “fundamental” accounting-based performance measures, is the key driver of the value effects in the Chinese stock market.     

机构投资者实地调研与投资-股价敏感性——基于管理层学习效应视角

文章利用2013-2018年深圳证券交易所上市公司的数据,实证检验了机构投资者实地调研对投资-股价敏感性的影响。研究发现机构投资者实地调研提高了公司投资-股价敏感性,在股价信息含量越高时,机构投资者实地调研对公司投资-股价敏感性的影响越显著,表明投资者实地调研通过信息反馈效应中的“挤入渠道”增强了管理层向市场的学习行为,机构投资者实地调研对投资-股价敏感性的影响在管理层持股的上市公司中更为显著。研究结果表明机构投资者实地调研可帮助上市公司管理层获取更多决策有用信息,提升资源配置效率,对于完善机构投资者调研制度、提升我国资本市场信息效率具有一定的实践价值。     

Do single‐stock circuit breakers provide a safety net for Canadian investors?

This study looks at the market impact of recent regulatory changes in Canada that provide for trading halts on individual stocks that experience large upside or downside movements. The focus is on all stocks traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange since the inception of the single‐stock circuit breaker rule (SSCB) in February 2012, to replace the short‐sale uptick rule. The results support pricing efficiency: material information that caused the circuit breaker is incorporated in stock prices on the day of the halt (neither overreaction nor underreaction), with no decline in market liquidity. Using trade‐by‐trade data constructed on five‐minute trading intervals, we refine the daily results, and show that shocks in realized volatility are focused in the 10‐minute trading interval surrounding the halts. While circuit breakers provide a limited safety net for investors when their stocks are subject to severe volatility, they do not allow for a quick turnaround for stocks experiencing severe price decline events.     

Frequency and Motives for Stock Dividends in a Unique Environment

We investigate the possible differences in the information content of stock dividends between firms that distribute stock dividends frequently (frequent distributors) and firms that distribute stock dividends infrequently (infrequent distributors) using a unique data set from Oman where the market microstructure frictions are either absent or limited. We find that infrequent stock dividend distributors have higher postdistribution operating performance relative to frequent distributors. We also find that the illiquidity measure is significantly related to the announcement effect only for frequent stock dividend distributors, whereas short‐term performance is significantly related to the announcement effect only for infrequent distributors. Our findings indicate that infrequent stock dividends are used mainly to convey favorable private information about the firms’ future prospects, and frequent stock dividends are used to reduce stock price to an optimal trading range in order to improve trading liquidity. JEL classification: G14, G35.