贫富差距扩大条件下公平与效率关系的调整

统计数据表明,近年来我国城乡居民收入差距、地区居民收入差距以及城镇高收入者与低收入者之间的差距都在扩大,贫富差距已经形成并有越拉越大的趋势.如何缩小这种差距以体现社会公平原则,推动社会经济、政治、文化等领域的协调稳定发展,是摆在政府面前的一项紧要任务.本文试图从收入分配政策中公平与效率关系调整的角度,对这一问题作些探讨,并希望能对我国收入分配制度的进一步完善有所帮助.     

转型期公平与效率关系的经济学分析

本文资产阶段经济学家由于阶段的局限性,将公平与与效率对立起来。在社会主义社会,公平与效率在理论上是协调一致的。在计划经济向市场经济转变的转型时期,对公平与效率的关系要作具体的历史的分析,效率原则和公平原则分别适用于市场内区域和市场外区域、适用于国民收入的不同分配过程。在实践中深入贯彻“效率优先,兼顾公平”的原则要注意六个方面的问题。     

公平与效率关系的再思考

围绕着公平与效率的关系,国内外学术界长期以来就有着不同甚至对立的看法,之所以如此,一个重要的原因就是未能就公平与效率的内涵取得共识。澄清这方面的混乱认识,应是我们正确认识和处理公平与效率关系的前提和关键。文章拟从经济学和伦理学的视角对效率和公平及其相互关系问题加以新的思考。     

浅析如何解决当前经济发展中的公平与效率问题

当前中国经济社会发展正处于剧烈的转轨时期,这个时期既是经济发展的高速期,也是社会矛盾激发的突发期。这一时期,贫富差距越来越大,公平与效率成为构建和谐社会必须认真对待的一个重要关系。鉴于此,本文立足当前中国经济发展实际,对如何解决经济发展中的公平与效率进行了探讨。     

浅析如何解决当前经济发展中的公平与效率问题

当前中国经济社会发展正处于剧烈的转轨时期,这个时期既是经济发展的高速期,也是社会矛盾激发的突发期。这一时期,贫富差距越来越大,公平与效率成为构建和谐社会必须认真对待的一个重要关系。鉴于此,本文立足当前中国经济发展实际,对如何解决经济发展中的公平与效率进行了探讨。     

正确处理效率与公平的关系

近年来,随着我国改革的推进和经济社会的发展,新的社会矛盾日益凸显。因而在理论和政策指导上,有关“效率和公平”关系的提法,中央进行了调整,反映出对该问题的认识更加符合实际。党的十七大关于效率与公平关系的论述,反映出党中央在当前历史条件下,更加重视收入分配关系上的公平问题。这一新的政策导向,对于缓解当前收入分配差距过大,完善社会主义经济体制和构建社会主义和谐社会有重要意义。我们应根据这一指示精神,采取一定措施,处理好效率与公平的关系。     

絮谈财会工作与效率公平关系

何谓“效率”。经济意义上的效率，是指投入与产出之比，效率优先就是让能以较少投入，取得较大产出的地区、企业、个人得到更多收入，允许一部分地区和个人先富起来。与此相对应的则是不讲效率优先的收入分配，“干多干少一个样”、“大锅饭”、“铁饭碗”，由此窒息了经济发展的生机和活力，已为历史实践证明。     

分配过程公平:社会公平的必然选择

目前我国社会不公平表现为收入差距过大,造成收入差距过大的主要原因是生产领域中非正常收入大量存在,这种收入难以通过再分配有效调节。十六届五中全会强调“分配过程公平”,就是重在初次分配中整顿非正常收入,从源头上控制该收入造成的差距,有效实现社会公平。     

征信机构的股权结构及对征信市场效率的影响

根据数据提供者、使用者是否在征信机构中拥有股权、拥有股权的比例等,可将征信机构分为六类。不同的股权安排与市场效率之间关系密切;征信机构的股权结构并不是一成不变的,一些国家征信机构的股权结构一直在调整;从个人征信机构的股权结构来看,我国兼具早期和成熟征信市场的特点,但深入分析,我国征信市场还远未达到成熟的阶段。     

公平与效率:优化金融业税收政策的取向

在目前我国怎样运用财税政策,改善金融环境,释放历史风险,提高竞争力,已成为保证金融业稳定发展的一项重要任务。本文力图在理论上阐明金融业税负的影响因素,在实证上剖析现行税制的问题与负面效应,提出优化我国金融业税收政策的思路与建议。     

Insurance and Incentive Effects of Transfers among Regions: Equity and Efficiency

When productivity shocks across regions are less-than-perfectlycorrelated, there are gains from federation, even if the regionsare identical ex ante. For the federation to provide insurancefor these productivity shocks, it must introduce some sort ofequalizing transfer programme among regions. But any suchtransfer programme induces a form of moral hazard as well, ifregions still have some control over their own policies. Oneof the implications of this moral hazard is that the progressivityof the overall (regional together with federal) tax system willbe increased when the federal transfer programme is expanded.     

Random Walks and Market Efficiency Tests: Evidence from Emerging Equity Markets

We use the multiple variance-ratio test of Chow and Denning (1993) to examine the stochastic properties of local currency- and US dollar-based equity returns in 15 emerging capital markets. The technique is based on the Studentized Maximum Modulus distribution and provides a multiple statistical comparison of variance-ratios, with control of the joint-test's size. We find that the random walk model is consistent with the dynamics of returns in most of the emerging markets analyzed, which contrasts many random walk test results documented with the use of single variance-ratio techniques. Further, a runs test suggests that most of the emerging markets are weak-form efficient. Overall, our results suggest that investors are unlikely to make systematic nonzero profit by using past information in many of the examined markets, thus, investors should predicate their investment strategies on the assumption of random walks. Additionally, our results suggest exchange rate matters in returns' dynamics determination for some of the emerging equity markets we analyzed.     

国际税收中的公平和效率

国际税收是开放经济的产物，同时也把一国经济中的公平、效率问题拓展到国际(世界)范围。我们从所得税和流转税这两个方面来考察公平和效率问题，并指明存在“国家”观点和“国际”观点的区别。 从所得税方面看，税收的国际公平是指一国的居民，不论其收入……     

Some Equity and Efficiency Considerations of International Tax Competition

The paper uses a dynamic 2-country equilibrium model with imperfections in the labour market calibrated for the US and EU economy to investigate dynamic efficiency and equity aspects of international tax competition. We focus on tax policy where governments can only decide on the levels of corporate and labour taxes, given a constant share of government consumption and transfers in GDP and a constant VAT rate. We find that the welfare effect of a tax shift from capital to labour depends heavily on the distortionary nature of labour taxes. In contrast to existing results we find substantial positive international spillover effects of corporate tax reduction in one country, with long term gains outweighing short term losses. Results are very different, however, if one goes beyond the representative agent framework. According to our results, a tax switch is most likely not Pareto improving since net wages tend to decline in both regions even in the long run.     

完善股权分置改革的思考

股权分置改革是中国股票市场发展中的一项重大改革,在这场全流通的改革中,需要有统一的原则和判断标准,且需要切实相关的法规法律来保证市场的公平性.要规范非流通股东的行为,并严防内幕交易和操纵股价等行为损害流通股东的利益.     

Investment Opportunities and the Relation Between Equity Value and Employees' Bonus

A sample of firms where employee stock options and other long‐term incentives are absent but an annual bonus is required is examined. A positive relation is found between firm equity value and stock bonus but not cash bonus. The positive relation is stronger when the firm has greater investment opportunities. Additionally, the relation is shown to be nonlinear in the sense that the marginal effect of stock bonus on equity value is positive but decreasing (negative) when the stock bonus is below (above) the breakpoint. Overall, the annual stock bonus is valued positively by investors even though it is linked to the firm's contemporaneous but not future performance.