基于“结构—动力—绩效”视角的战略性新兴产业协同创新——以日本新能源汽车产业为例

多主体协同创新是促进产业发展进步的关键,提出战略性新兴产业协同创新的“结构—动力—绩效”分析框架,在结构上主要对战略性新兴产业协同创新中的高校、核心企业、政府、金融、中介、上游企业、市场及用户等主体进行分析;从新技术驱动力、政府支持力、中介和上游企业支撑力、金融提升力以及市场需求拉力方面,分析战略性新兴产业发展动力因素;从专利占比、产品销售量及市场占有率等因素分析战略性新兴产业绩效。最后,以日本新能源汽车产业为例进行研究,结果表明,“结构—动力—绩效”框架对战略性新兴产业多主体协同创新具有借鉴意义。在此基础上,提出我国战略性新兴产业发展对策和建议,以期为中国战略性新兴产业协同创新发展提供方向。     

Does foreign exchange derivatives market promote R&D? International industry-level evidence

Efficient financial markets can motivate and nurture innovation. The foreign exchange derivatives (FXD) market, an important part of financial markets, provides instruments to hedge profits from currency fluctuations. However, whether and how FXD market development benefits innovation remains unclear. Using data from a sample of 45 developed and emerging economies, this paper is among the first to examine the impact of the development of the FXD market on industry-level research and development (R&D) investment. We find that a better-developed FXD market significantly enhances industry-level R&D investment, especially in emerging economies. When the average daily FXD turnover that measures FXD market development increases by one standard deviation, industry-level R&D expenses increase by 27% in the following year. This effect is more significant for industries with higher foreign exchange rate risk. Policymakers should consider the benefits of developing the FXD market to the real economy when optimising FXD regulations.     

投资潮涌背景下企业投资对创新绩效的影响——以战略性新兴产业为例

提升战略性新兴产业创新绩效，是增强我国创新能力的重要引擎。采用2008—2019年战略性新兴产业综合指数样本股企业数据，实证检验投资潮涌背景下战略性新兴产业新增投资对创新绩效的影响，将创新绩效分为创新产出与成果转化率，结果发现：第一，2010—2012年第一波投资潮涌与2015—2019年第二波投资潮涌下，企业投资均能有效促进创新产出。在先发优势作用下，第一波效果更为显著。第二，无论在投资潮涌前期还是后期，投资支出均有助于促进创新产出，且前期影响更显著，而在非投资潮涌阶段，投资支出对创新产出的影响不再显著。第三，对于任何类型的战略性新兴企业而言，企业投资对创新产出的影响均显著为正；劳动密集型企业、资源密集型企业、国有企业投资与创新成果转化率的关系均为倒U型，而对于技术密集型企业与非国有企业，两者关系呈正相关关系。     

International cross-listing and stock market development in emerging economies

Why have emerging equity markets grown so rapidly since 1990? First, it is shown how international cross-listings can transform a segmented local equity market from an equilibrium of low liquidity and market capitalization to an integrated market with high liquidity and market capitalization by altering the incentives of companies and individuals to participate in the market. Second, benefits of international cross-listings for domestic stock market development and welfare across emerging equity markets are found to be negatively related to both the degree of correlation between the domestic and world equity market and the relative size of the domestic equity market. Third, the price impact of international listing is shown to depend on the liquidity conditions in the domestic market prior to listing.     

Export strategies in the computer industry: Japan and the USA

Japan's computer manufacturers realize that they need more than a new generation of software (or hardware) for success in world markets. The missing ingredients are primarily multinational busines experience factors, which have worked to the past advantage of US companies. Japan's past export successes — textiles, steel, consumer electronics—have come with products that, unlike computers, could be sold through existing distribution channels. Realizing their disadvantages in selling computer systems worldwide, the Japanese designed the heavily publicized fifth-generation project seeking technology that could serve as a wedge into markets where US-based multinationals had already become firmly entrenched. For this as for other joint government-industry R&D projects in Japan, the indirect effects will be at least as important as the technological outcomes; asking whether the fifth-generation project could have reached particular technical objectives poses the wrong question. In terms of technological capability, Japan could emerge as a formidable rival of the USA in world computer markets. Given the international presence of US companies large and small, this will not be as quick or as easy as in other Japanese export industries: Japan will continue to have far more difficulty exporting computer systems than VCRs or integrated circuits.     

Export strategies in the computer industry: Japan and the USA

Japan's computer manufacturers realize that they need more than a new generation of software (or hardware) for success in world markets. The missing ingredients are primarily multinational busines experience factors, which have worked to the past advantage of US companies. Japan's past export successes — textiles, steel, consumer electronics—have come with products that, unlike computers, could be sold through existing distribution channels. Realizing their disadvantages in selling computer systems worldwide, the Japanese designed the heavily publicized fifth-generation project seeking technology that could serve as a wedge into markets where US-based multinationals had already become firmly entrenched. For this as for other joint government-industry R&D projects in Japan, the indirect effects will be at least as important as the technological outcomes; asking whether the fifth-generation project could have reached particular technical objectives poses the wrong question. In terms of technological capability, Japan could emerge as a formidable rival of the USA in world computer markets. Given the international presence of US companies large and small, this will not be as quick or as easy as in other Japanese export industries: Japan will continue to have far more difficulty exporting computer systems than VCRs or integrated circuits.     

市场择时理论的中国适用性--基于1998～2003年上市公司的实证分析

自2002年Baker和Murgler明确提出市场择时理论以来,传统资本结构理论的解释力度受到一定程度的质疑,国外学者围绕这一新兴的资本结构理论展开激烈的争论.文章运用1998年1月1日～2003年12月31日间中国沪深两市IPO公司财务数据试图第一次较为全面地检验市场择时理论在中国的适用性.实证结果表明在样本期内中国上市公司确实存在着股票融资和债务融资的市场择时行为;债务融资的市场择时行为并不显著影响中国上市公司的资本结构,而股票融资的市场择时行为短期内显著影响公司的资本结构;股票融资的市场择时行为不具有持久影响资本结构的效应,总的说来,市场择时理论并不适用于中国的上市公司.     

风险投资持股对我国上市企业承销费用的影响研究

本文选取我国股权分置改革后2006—2007年A股市场上市公司的数据,检验了风险投资持股因素对于上市企业承销费用的影响。经过多因素线性回归,发现风险投资持股上市企业的承销费率要显著高于非风险投资持股上市企业,这表明风险投资的认证效应当前在我国并不成立;另一方面,剔除行业的影响,发现风险投资持股上市企业的年龄显著小于非风险投资持股上市企业,说明目前我国风险投资行业存在逐名动机。     

风险投资与中国IPO公司盈余管理行为的实证研究——基于深圳和香港创业板的数据

本文以2009—2011年间在我国深交所创业板上市的276家以及2002—2011年在港交所创业板上市的108家IPO公司为样本,对风险投资与盈余管理之间的关系进行研究,旨在揭示我国深圳创业板和香港创业板两个市场上,风险投资是否可以约束IPO过程中的盈余管理行为,两个市场上风投的影响程度是否相同。研究发现,在两个创业板市场上,都显著存在正向盈余管理行为,但是风险投资并没有起到认证监督作用,即没有显著抑制上市公司盈余管理行为,风险投资功效在中国市场不显著。     

Structural change and international stock market interdependence: Evidence from Asian emerging markets

This study investigates the evolving pattern of the interdependence among selected Asian emerging markets and three major stock markets (Japan, UK and US). Using rolling cointegration methods and the recently developed algorithms of inductive causation, we found that time-varying cointegration relationships exist among these stock markets. The results indicate that the wave of financial liberalization policies in the early 1990s led to a significant increase in market linkages which was later weakened during the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Furthermore, the data indicate that Japan and the US have the greatest influence on the emerging markets while the influence of Singapore and Thailand has increased since the Asian financial crisis.     

The United States and United Kingdom activities of Japanese banks, 1980–1988

This paper analyzes the United States and United Kingdom activities of Japanese banks by integrating their activities in these two markets with the regulatory environment for banks in Japan and Japan's overall external financial position, as well as with business opportunities in the two host countries. The paper concludes that the regulatory environment in Japan, including restraints on interest rates and possible quantitative restraints, has had an impact on activities of Japanese banks in these two foreign markets.Japanese banks appear to have adjusted to their domestic regulatory environment by using their London branches as a flexible funding source and their U.S. offices in extending commercial and industrial loans to Japan-based companies as well as a substitute location for interbank trading. In both markets Japanese banking offices are large net barrowers from unrelated banks because of constraints on raising funds in their homer market.     

民营企业组织结构对首次公开发行抑价和关联交易的影响

作者以1999年至2004年IPO的84家金字塔结构的民营企业为研究样本,研究金字塔型控股结构对民营企业首次公开发行(IPO)后长期市场表现的影响,并试图从不同角度阐述长期市场表现变化的原因。作者发现,从短期来看,金字塔式的组织结构越复杂,民营企业IPO抑价程度越大。从长期来看,金字塔结构越复杂的发行公司越倾向于用后续的关联交易,尤其是通过非经营性的关联交易从上市公司中收回现金,来补偿民营企业家在IPO抑价中损失的财富。     

中国各省区市创业板上市公司分布与GDP的关系分析

分别计量分析了各省区市创业板上市公司的数量、总市值、总利润、平均市盈率与各省区市GDP总量和人均值的关系,发现创业板上市公司的数量、总市值的区域分布主要与各区域的GDP总量和人均值有较大的关系,而创业板上市公司总利润、平均市盈率与GDP总量和人均值的关系强度较弱。创业板上市公司的上市数量在各省区市之间的分配,可能主要不是依赖于各创业型公司的质量。有计划成为创业板上市公司的企业,若注册在GDP总量或人均值比较靠前的东部省份,其成功上市的概率更高。     

风险投资与券商联盟对创业板上市公司IPO 首发折价率的影响研究

风险投资(VC )与政府、银行、券商和同业之间有着重要关联,且这些关联关系构成了其重要的社会资本,使其能够发挥增值的作用,而 VC 与券商的关系值得重点关注。文章对创业板市场上 I PO 公司背后的风险投资与 I PO 公司聘请的保荐机构之间的合作次数进行统计,将存在2次及以上合作的界定为联盟关系,并将新股首日折价率分解成一级市场的“内在折价率”和二级市场的“市场反应率”,进而研究了VC 与承销券商之间的联盟关系是否对VC 参股公司在 I PO 定价效率上产生了影响。研究发现：相比于其他有VC 持股但与券商无多次合作关系的公司以及无VC 持股的公司,存在“VC 与券商联盟”关系的公司的 I PO 发行价格更接近于公司的内在价值,表现为内在折价率最低;且该类公司在上市首日具有更高的市场价格,表现为市场反应率最高。这说明风险投资兼具认证效应和市场力量,并且这两种作用可能都来自于VC 与券商的长期而稳定的联盟关系。文章的结论对创业板市场上的各方参与者都具有借鉴意义。     

Imitation and innovation new biologics,biosimilars and biobetters

ABSTRACT

Biopharmaceutical drugs are the future of the pharmaceutical industry. The United States is the world leader in the development of new biopharmaceutical products. These original new drugs, numbering close to 200, are now losing patent protection and imitators from several countries are entering the markets of comparable drugs, called biosimilars. Some companies are improving the original product, and these drugs are called biobetters. Even among the producers of biosimilars one finds different strategies, and these are linked to different government regulations concerning the approval of these products. Some biosimilar companies are aiming at developed-country markets (North America, the European Union and Japan), while other producers are targeting emerging, less-regulated markets. This introduction will present the dynamic picture of an industry in transition. The paper has a double aim: discuss the fuzzy frontier between imitation and innovation, and track the new contours of the pharmaceutical industry.     

民营上市公司治理存在的问题与对策

随着公司在数量上的日益增长,建立完善的资本市场已迫在眉睫。上市公司组成了资本市场,资本市场与上市公司的发展紧密相关,而公司治理则决定了上市公司的发展,如何治理好公司对发展资本市场至关重要。民营公司是市场经济发展的生力军,是国民经济的重要组成部分。文章针对我国民营上市公司治理存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

IPO重启首日超额收益实证研究

重启之后的中国证券市场,是否能有效地消除各种弊端,抑制首日超额收益过高等异常现象?文章选取我国IPO重启以后发行的新股作为样本,从信息的不对称、承销商的声誉、我国特殊的新股发行制度以及我国投资者的情绪四个角度对我国IPO重启首日超额收益现象进行实证分析,并力图从一级市场发行价格确定和二级市场交易价格形成两个环节来解释我国的IPO首日超额收益,提出一些建设性的参考意见,促进我国的上市公司对IPO进行合理定价,优化资本市场资源的配置。     

进一步完善税收政策，促进战略性新兴产业发展

战略性新兴产业发展初期离不开政府税收的扶持和补贴。我国目前税收政策在鼓励战略新兴产业发展方面存在诸多不足。应借鉴发达国家和一些新兴市场国家的经验和做法,进一步完善税收政策,促进战略性新兴产业发展。     

Micro evidence on international patenting

Globalization, high growth rates in high-tech industries, growing emerging markets and harmonization of patent institutions across countries have stimulated patenting in foreign markets. We use a simple model of international patenting, where the decision to patent in a foreign country depends on country characteristics and the quality of the patented invention. With access to a detailed database on individual patents owned by small Swedish firms and inventors, we are able to estimate some of these relationships and test their validity. Our results indicate that the propensity to apply for international patent protection increases with indicators of the quality of the invention, technological rivalry and market size in the host market.     

THE REVOLUTION WITHIN: ICT AND THE SHIFTING KNOWLEDGE BASE OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST COMPANIES

This empirical article analyses the importance of information and communications technologies (ICT) in the technological diversification trend among the world's largest manufacturing firms during the 1980s and 1990s. The objective of the research is twofold: first, to emphasise the emerging differences among technologies when companies from different industries patent outside their traditional technological capabilities; secondly, to investigate whether the tendency among large companies from all industries to patent in ICT is distinctive when compared with the tendency to patent in other technologies. We find that technological diversification in large companies has clearly occurred in ICTs. Non-ICT specialist industries increasingly develop, rather than just utilise, the cluster of ICT-related technologies. We conclude that the development of corporate capabilities in the key technologies of the emerging ICT paradigm is more widespread than previously emphasised in the literature. One implication of this observation is that technological diversification and the information revolution may be related phenomena.