人民币升值的财富效应研究

人民币升值的影响广泛而深远,其所产生的财富效应是不容忽视的重要方面。其传导渠道表现为,通过物价变动效应、资产选择效应、收入预期效应、资产重估效应和投资变动效应来影响居民收入和消费信心,进而影响消费。通过以消费函数为基础构建计量模型进行协整检验,表明当前人民币升值对居民消费的影响甚微,暂时还不存在财富效应。但利用人民币升值增加居民财富,扩大消费是未来可考虑的对策。     

Productivity and the Euro-Dollar Real Exchange Rate

This paper analyses how productivity differentials between the United States and the euro area drive the euro-dollar real exchange rate. We derive impulse responses from a two-sector new open economy macro (NOEM) model. These are used as sign restrictions to identify a structural vector autoregression. Our results show that the Balassa–Samuelson effect, through traded sector productivity shocks, is less important in explaining the variation in the euro-dollar exchange rate than are demand and nominal shocks. In particular, productivity can explain part of the appreciation of the dollar in the late 1990s only to the extent that it created a boost to aggregate demand in the United States. JEL no. F41, F31     

Economic effects of immigrants on native and foreign-born workers: complementarity,substitutability, and other channels of influence

The authors use Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) data constructed from 1980 census microdata files and other sources to estimate a structural model of native/foreign-born labor demand and labor supply which distinguishes the effects upon real wages of each type of labor and on the employment of natives. The authors specify, econometrically estimate, and simulate the structural model which incorporates not only a production structure channel through which immigrants influence area real wages and employment, but also demand and native labor supply channels. It is noted that while these are not the only channels through which immigrants may affect native workers, the model nonetheless constitutes a step in the direction of a general equilibrium approach. In the production structure channel, immigrants and natives are found to be substitutes in production. Immigration lowers foreign-born wage rates and leads to lower wages for natives. The negative effects of the production channel usually are ameliorated through the demand channel. Further, immigrants add to local demand through their earnings and potentially through non-labor income, while also lowering unit costs and local prices which enhances real incomes and potentially net exports, and thus the demands for local output and area labor. The author discusses findings of interest from the simulation results based upon an analysis of all areas.     

人民币对美元实际汇率变化:巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应还是一价定律偏离?

对人民币实际汇率进行分解研究发现,可贸易品与不可贸易品之间的相对价格变动对实际汇率波动的解释能力远小于可贸易品偏离一价定律因素,表明人民币对美元实际汇率变动主要受可贸易品价格波动的影响。进一步放松一价定律假设并在传统的巴萨效应检验模型中加入一价定律偏离因素后,进行回归分析发现,一价定律偏离因素是人民币实际汇率波动的主要影响因素,而巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应仅在1994年以后的样本区间才显著。本文的研究表明,相对一价定律偏离因素,巴萨效应对实际汇率波动的影响是次要的。     

Capital flows and real exchange rates in emerging Asian countries

This paper examines the impact of capital flows on real exchange rates in emerging Asian countries during 2000–2009 using a dynamic panel-data model. The estimation results show that the composition of capital flow matters in determining the impact of the flows on real exchange rates. Other forms of capital flow, especially portfolio investment, bring in a faster speed of real exchange rate appreciation than foreign direct investment (FDI). However, the magnitude of appreciation among capital flows is close to each other. The increasing importance of merger and acquisition (M&A) activities in FDI in the region makes these flows behave closer to other forms of capital flow. The estimation results also show that during the estimation period, capital outflows bring about a greater degree of exchange rate adjustment than capital inflows. This evidence is found for all types of capital flow. All in all, the results indicate that the swift rebound of capital inflows into the region could result in excessive appreciation of (real) currencies, especially when capital inflows are in the form of portfolio investment.     

Government Spending Patterns and the Real Exchange Rate in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Do government spending patterns and composition influence the behaviour of the real exchange rate in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA)? First, we present a two‐sector small open economy model which proposes that government spending together with productivity differential leads to real exchange rate appreciation. Then, we take these propositions to SSA data and perform a coordinated empirical analysis. Interestingly, we find empirical support for the propositions in SSA. Finally, we disaggregate government spending into three components—consumption, investment and transfer payments—and check whether the composition of government spending provides any insight into the behaviour of the real exchange rate in SSA. Our results suggest that government composition does influence the real exchange rate in SSA. Specifically, we find that government consumption induces a real appreciation while government investment leads to a real depreciation. Although these findings yield appropriate magnitudes and signed directions, their effects are not always significant.     

人民币汇率升值与资产价格泡沫的传导机制和实证研究

文章旨在研究具有资本流动和较低金融市场组织程度的开放经济体中,如果产生某些外部冲击而使得汇率升值,便会产生资产价格泡沫。在传导机制的理论模型推导中,以凯恩斯宏观经济模型为基础,通过模型推导得出实际汇率升值使得均衡收益率上升,股票资产需求迅速增加,进而导致股票价格的快速上涨,形成泡沫。然后通过对人民币汇率升值和上证A股股指变化进行实证研究,并考虑金融危机的影响因素,结果支持了文章的理论分析。     

Exchange Rate Variability and the Macro-economy: Evidence from Developing and Developed Countries

Abstract

Using annual data, the paper studies the time-series evidence regarding the allocation of fluctuations in the exchange rate between demand components, real growth, and price inflation in a sample of developing and advanced countries. The evidence reveals patterns of interaction between the macro-economy and exchange rate variability. Across developing countries, appreciation decreases the cost of imports and price inflation, while depreciation shrinks the output supply, indicating high dependency on imported goods. The reduction in output supply correlates with higher inflation and an increase in the import value. In contrast, the evidence of the negative effect of currency appreciation on output growth is more prevalent across advanced countries, while depreciation stimulates competitiveness, resulting in higher demand for exports, investment and consumption. Across developing countries, exchange rate variability decreases trend real growth and increases trend price inflation. Across advanced countries, exchange rate variability decreases trend real growth while increasing the variability of price inflation and import growth. Minimizing variability of the exchange rate would be beneficial to sustain higher growth and reduce cyclical variability in developing and advanced countries.     

基于布林带的贵阳银行股票量化投资策略研究

量化投资是当前股票投资策略构建的热门选择,利用模型和计算机技术来实现投资过程。构建基于布林带通道的交易策略模型,以贵阳银行股票2021年1月1日到2021年11月30日之间的220个交易日数据为研究对象进行仿真实验,将其与均线系统策略进行对比分析。实证结果表明,对于贵阳银行股票的投资决策,均线系统策略比布林带通道策略表现更好,但优势并不明显。在现实投资中应该使用多样化的策略来降低风险。     

Estimating the equilibrium exchange rate of the Central and Eastern European acceding countries: The challenge of euro adoption

This study estimates the equilibrium real and nominal exchange rates for five Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. A new approach is adopted, which combines the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER) with the behavioural equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) methodology. In a VAR-based 3-equation cointegration system, we estimate structural equations for internal and external balances and link them to the real exchange rate. The estimated misalignment is used to derive equilibrium nominal exchange rates. The sustainability of an ERM-II-type exchange rate regime is investigated on ex post data, and the credibility problem of fixing the currencies of CEE countries vis-à-vis the single European currency is analysed. JEL no. E31, F31, O11, P17     

The Macroeconomic Effects of Large Exchange Rate Appreciations

Although currency adjustment is often proposed as a policy tool to reduce current account imbalances, there is no consensus regarding the macroeconomic effects. In this paper we study the macroeconomic aftermath of large exchange rate appreciations. Using a sample of 128 countries over the period 1960–2008, we identify 25 episodes of large nominal and real appreciations shocks. We use narrative identification of exogenous appreciation episodes and study the macroeconomic effects in a dummy-augmented panel autoregressive model. Our results indicate that exchange rate appreciations tend to have strong effects on current account balances. Within 3 years after the appreciation event, the current account balance on average deteriorates by three percentage points of GDP. This effect occurs through a reduction of savings without a meaningful reduction in investment. Real export growth slows down substantially, but the output costs are small and not statistically significant. All these effects appear somewhat more pronounced in developing countries.     

International monetary arrangements in the Asia-Pacific before and after

This paper assesses the characteristics and policy implications of the international monetary arrangements in the Asia-Pacific pre- and post-July 1997. It first examines the literature on speculative attacks on fixed and managed exchange rate regimes. Since these speculative attacks are more likely to be successful when financial markets are well integrated, it then assesses the degree of financial market integration in the region. Furthermore, as the empirical evidence also suggests a possible role for real exchange rate overvaluation, we examine the evidence regarding misalignment. Using a purchasing power parity (PPP) criterion and a criterion based on a Balassa-Samuelson model, we find mixed evidence of exchange rate overvaluation. Given that our ability to determine the equilibrium real exchange rate is so limited, we caution against a return to a fixed or highly managed exchange rate regime. Finally, we assess how monetary policy and exchange rate policy have interacted over the pre- and post-crisis periods, using a monetary model of exchange rates. JEL classification: F31; F33; F34     

征税能抑制企业涉房投资吗——兼论“脱实向虚”的另一条路径

近年来企业过度持有不动产的涉房投资倾向引发广泛关注，也背离了"脱虚向实"的政策导向。文章基于土地增值二次分配理论，利用2007-2019年我国沪、深两市上市公司微观数据考察了持有环节和转出环节税收对企业涉房投资行为的影响。实证结果显示：因为税基不能随房地产市场价值灵活升高，造成持有环节的房土两税表现出一定的累退性特征，从而无法有效抑制企业涉房投资；相比而言，转出环节的土地增值税能够显著抑制企业涉房投资倾向。进一步基于省级宏观面板数据的非对称反应模型估计结果显示，当前各地区土地增值税的征管力度受到地方政府的刻意操控，出现了相邻省份之间的标杆竞争现象，特别是省份间的竞低效应尤其突出，这对有效发挥土地增值税的作用产生了不利影响。文章的研究对未来进一步完善税制改革和引导企业投资"脱虚向实"具有一定的参考意义。     

信托业在金融促进经济发展中的作用探析

信托业作为"四大金融支柱"之一,应当在金融促进经济发展中发挥重要作用。在当前的经济金融形势以及政策环境下,信托公司可以为银行提供通道服务,放大信贷规模,满足企业融资需求;与地方政府合作,满足基础设施建设的融资需求;开发房地产信托产品,促进房地产业发展;开展股票质押融资信托业务,满足"大小非"融资需求;开展私人股权投资信托业务,满足企业股权融资需求。     

区域投资实际汇率、FDI与经济增长

文章基于跨境投资视角测度中国2000~2017年29省时变权重的区域投资实际有效汇率(RIREER),并将汇率、FDI与经济增长纳入同一分析框架构建理论模型。在此基础上,从汇率水平和波动两维度深入考察经由FDI渠道对区域经济增长的影响。研究结果表明,RIREER升值有助于吸引FDI,进而对东道国(地区)经济扩张产生积极作用,该积极作用在沿海地区效果更为显著,拉大了沿海与内陆经济增长差距,但RIREER升值对FDI的边际吸引力递减。RIREER波动导致FDI流出,对东道国(地区)经济产生负向冲击,该负向经济冲击对沿海地区影响更为明显,缩小了沿海与内陆经济增长差距,但汇率风险增大引发FDI流出的边际作用递减。     

Location Choice and Employment Decisions: A Comparison of German and Swedish Multinationals

Using data on German and Swedish multinational enterprises (MNEs), this paper analyzes determinants of location choice and the degree of substitutability of labor across locations. Countries with highly skilled labor strongly attract German but not necessarily Swedish MNEs. In MNEs from either country, affiliate employment tends to substitute for employment at the parent firm. At the margin, substitutability is the strongest with respect to affiliate employment in Western Europe. A one percent larger wage gap between Germany and locations in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is associated with 760 fewer jobs at German parents and 4,620 more jobs at affiliates in CEE. A one percent larger wage gap between Sweden and CEE is associated with 140 fewer jobs at Swedish parents and 260 more jobs at affiliates in CEE. JEL no. F21, F23, J21, J23     

Saving,investment, growth and the cost of financial repression

This paper presents a quantitative estimate of the cost of financial repression in developing countries. Here, financial repression is interpreted as the technique of holding institutional interest rates (particularly deposit rates of interest) below their market equilibrium levels. For a sample of developing countries, saving is found to be affected positively by the real deposit rate of interest, as is real money demand, where money is defined broadly to include savings and time deposits. Under disequilibrium interest rate conditions, higher saving which raises real money demand increases pari passu the real supply of credit. Credit availability is an important determinant not only of new investment but also of capacity utilization of the entire capital stock. Hence, the growth rate is itself affected positively by the real deposit rate of interest through two channels – first, the volume of saving and investment and, second, capacity utilization of the entire capital stock, i.e. the measured incremental capital/output ratio. Estimates of saving and growth functions lead to the conclusion that the cost of financial repression appears to be around half a percetage point in economic growth foregone for every one percentage point by which the real deposit rate of interest is set below its market equilibrium rate.     

人民币实际有效汇率变动的中国产业结构升级效应

本文在劳动力市场动态均衡模型的基础上,通过构建厂商利润最大化模型,验证了汇率变动影响产业结构调整的传导机制;然后通过协整检验、误差修正模型检验和脉冲响应分析进一步对传导机制进行验证,并具体考察了1981～2010年度人民币实际有效汇率变动对中国产业结构调整的影响。研究结果表明:人民币实际有效汇率变动能够通过价格水平、对外贸易(出口和进口)和FDI 3条路径影响中国的产业结构调整。其中,价格水平和进口是两条重要路径,FDI的影响作用并不显著。人民币实际有效汇率升值能够促进中国产业结构的优化升级。     

A Primer on Real Effective Exchange Rates: Determinants, Overvaluation, Trade Flows and Competitive Devaluation

Several alternative measures of “effective” exchange rates are discussed in the context of their theoretical underpinnings and construction. Focusing on contemporary indices and recently-developed econometric methods, the empirical characteristics of these differing series are examined for the U.S., the euro area, and several East Asian countries. The issues that confront the applied economist or policymaker in using the measures of real effective exchange rates available are illustrated in several case studies from current interest: (i) evaluating exchange rate misalignment; (ii) testing the Balassa-Samuelson effect; (iii) estimating the price responsiveness of trade flows; and (iv) assessing the potential impact of competitive devaluations. JEL Classification Numbers: F31, F41     

How would Capital Account Liberalization Affect China＇s Capital Flows and the Renminbi Real Exchange Rates？

In this paper we study the determinants of gross capital flows, project the size of China's international investment position in 2020, and analyze the implications for the renminbi real exchange rate if China liberalizes the capital account. We assume in this exercise that the renminbi will have largely achieved capital account convertibility by the end of the current decade, a timetable consistent with recent proposals by the People's Bank of China. Our analysis shows that if the capital account were liberalized, China's gross international investment position would grow significantly, and inflows and outflows would become much more balanced. The private sector would turn its net liability position into a balanced position, and the official sector would reduce its net asset position significantly, relative to the country's GDP. Because of the increasing importance of private sector foreign claims and the decreasing importance of official foreign reserves, China would be able to earn higher net investment income from abroad. Overall, China would continue to be a net creditor, with the net foreign asset position as a share of GDP remaining largely stable through this decade. These findings suggest that the renminbi real exchange rate would not be particularly sensitive to capital account liberalization as capital flows are expected to be two‐sided. The renminbi real exchange rate would likely be on a path of moderate appreciation as China is expected to maintain a sizeable growth differential with its trading partners.