基于转变经济增长方式的林业企业技术创新主体构建及评价指标体系研究

资源危机、能源安全以及全球变暖已成为制约经济可持续发展的主要因素,在这种情况下林业企业要想取得长足发展,必须转变现有的没有考虑环境成本的粗放式增长方式,而技术创新是林业企业实现经济增长方式转变的根本途径。本文在分析林业企业技术创新现状的基础上提出林业企业技术创新主体构建的具体措施从而实现林业企业的低碳循环的集约式增长方式,最后设计出创新主体构建的评价指标体系,为判断主体构建合理与否提供依据。     

Non‐governmental organisations and financial sustainability

Non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) have an important role to play in addressing the serious developmental challenges South Africa is facing today. Financial sustainability is critical for NGOs to be able to sustain their organisations and programmes. In this article key concepts and definitions related to the theme are referred to first. The second part emphasises the importance and role of sound management in building and operating financially‐ sustainable organisations (and programmes). The article also focuses on funding: minimum requirements and criteria for funding; sources of funding/income for NGOs; and funding proposals and obtaining funds. Reference is made to the importance of organisations’ long‐term sustainability plans, which should not only include relations with funders but also comprehensive strategies for earning ongoing income. In conclusion, the article calls for the establishment of a common understanding of ‘financial sustainability of NGOs’ by all concerned parties in order to maximise the impact of development on communities.     

Participatory Exclusions,Community Forestry,and Gender: An Analysis for South Asia and a Conceptual Framework

The idea of people's participation has long been part of development thinking. But today the management of local natural resources by village communities is widely accepted as an institutional imperative. It is therefore essential to examine how these institutions perform, especially from the perspective of the more disadvantaged. Based on extensive fieldwork among community forestry groups in India and Nepal, and existing case studies, this paper demonstrates how seemingly participatory institutions can exclude significant sections, such as women. It provides a typology of participation, spells out the gender equity and efficiency implications of such exclusions, and analyzes what underlies them. It also outlines a conceptual framework to help analyze the process of gender exclusion and how it might be alleviated.     

论乡村社会林业的内涵实质与基本特征

本文通过深入分析和研究,界定和归纳了乡村社会林业这一概念,进一步分析了乡村社会林业发展的基本特点和管理要求,揭示了乡村社会林业的内涵实质与基本特征,认为乡村社会林业本身就是适应乡村综合发展的一种可持续林业,乡村社会林业发展能够为山区社会经济发展提供稳定、高质量的生态环境,并促进农村社会的综合协调与持续发展。     

论林业在生态建设中的重要作用

林业建设作为生态建设的主体,在生态文明建设中具有特殊的地位并肩负光荣使命,应当充分发挥其不可替代的重要作用。本文在阐释生态文明的基础上,分析了林业在生态文明建设中的主体作用,并进一步探讨如何完善林业体制,加快林业发展的步伐,为生态文明建设起到更大的作用。     

FORESTRY SECTOR REFORM AND DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE OF NATURAL RESOURCE RENT IN INDONESIA

After the collapse of the centralized Soeharto regime, deforestation caused by over‐logging accelerated. To tackle this problem, an IMF/World Bank‐led forestry sector reform program adopted a market‐friendly approach involving the resumption of round wood exports and raising of the resource rent fee, with the aim to stop rent accumulation by plywood companies, which had enjoyed a supply of round wood at privileged prices. The Indonesian government, for its part, decentralized the forest concession management system to provide incentives for local governments and communities to carry out sustainable forest management. However, neither policy reform worked effectively. The round wood export ban was reimposed and the forest management system centralized again with cooperation from a newly funded industry‐led institution. In the midst of the confusion surrounding the policy reversal, the gap between the price of round wood in international and domestic markets failed to contract, although rent allocations to plywood companies were reduced during 1998–2003. The rents were not collected properly by the government, but accumulated unexpectedly in the hands of players in the black market for round wood.     

可持续发展视角下的林业“三定”

林业"三定"处于林业建设的历史性转折阶段,林业的生态价值开始被重视,但特殊的历史背景决定了林业"三定"也不可能把林业引向可持续协调发展的正确轨道。在今天用可持续发展的观点总结林业"三定"的经验和教训,对当前的林权制度改革是十分有意义的。     

家族企业可持续发展新论

改革开放以后,我国家族企业迅速发展,为促进我国的经济增长、维护社会稳定等方面做出了突出的贡献。然而,就单个企业来说,其成长过程却步履唯艰。家族企业的可持续发展问题具有重要的意义。基于现代企业理论本文试图从家族企业的谱系发展的角度探讨家族企业可持续发展问题,结论是家族企业的可持续发展同时也是家族企业的谱系发展过程,家族企业沿着谱系发展是家族企业可持续发展的路径选择。     

浅议森林病虫害

我国是世界上自然灾害频繁发生和危害十分严重的国家,林业灾害是我过主要的自然灾害,"是不冒烟的林业火灾"是林业发展、生态建设的大敌。林业病虫害制约了生态建设的步伐,在新的历史时期,减少灾害,优化人居环境,实现可持续发展,亦成为我们目前需要研究的重大课题。     

试论我国中小企业社会责任的界定与实现

在我国,中小企业在经济发展过程中占有举足轻重的作用,其社会责任的履行也逐渐引起全社会的关注。文章主要对我国中小企业应承担的社会责任的范围进行了界定,并提出了对于我国中小企业社会责任实现的几点建议和措施。     

循环经济可行性的探讨

由于自然资源和能源的特性,决定了人类社会不能无节制地开采。因此,如何有效利用现有资源,如何保持经济可持续发展等重大严峻课题摆在了我们面前。在党的十六届三中、五中全会上,党从宏观层面上提出了可持续发展的战略部署以及建设性的口号"科学发展观"。本文响应这一宏观政策,并从微观层次上通过对理论和流程的分析具体探讨了经济实现可持续循环运行的可行性,并在此基础上提出一些可行性的理论和对策。     

Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation

The poor conservation outcomes that followed decades of intrusive resource management strategies and planned development have forced policy makers and scholars to reconsider the role of community in resource use and conservation. In a break from previous work on development which considered communities a hindrance to progressive social change, current writings champion the role of community in bringing about decentralization, meaningful participation, and conservation. But despite its recent popularity, the concept of community is rarely defined or carefully examined by those concerned with resource use and management. We seek to redress this omission by investigating “community” in work concerning resource conservation and management. We explore the conceptual origins of the community, and the ways the term has been deployed in writings on resource use. We then analyze those aspects of community most important to advocates for community's role in resource management — community as a small spatial unit, as a homogeneous social structure, and as shared norms — and indicate the weaknesses of these approaches. Finally, we suggest a more political approach: community must be examined in the context of development and conservation by focusing on the multiple interests and actors within communities, on how these actors influence decision-making, and on the internal and external institutions that shape the decision-making process. A focus on institutions rather than “community” is likely to be more fruitful for those interested in community-based natural resource management.     

Struggling with Sustainability—A Comparative Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Development Programs

“Sustainability” is an inherently dynamic, indefinite and contested concept. “Sustainable development” must, therefore, be seen as an unending process—defined not by fixed goals or the specific means of achieving them, but by an approach to creating change through continuous learning and adaptation. How, then, do we evaluate a development program’s contribution to such a process? This paper constructs a framework for evaluating sustainable rural development programs using both process- and outcome-oriented criteria, and demonstrates its application. The SANREM CRSP/SEA research and development program in The Philippines—including ICRAFs efforts to organize communities around agroforestry and environmental conservation—is assessed.     

农业产业集群与农业区域品牌互动分析——以库尔勒香梨品牌为例

近年来,新疆大力推动特色林果产业发展,强势区域品牌成为新疆特色林果产业可持续发展的重要方面。“库尔勒香梨”是全国惟一获“中国驰名商标”称号的地理标志,成长经验值得借鉴。本文以农业产业集群与农产品区域品牌互动关系分析为基础,解析库尔勒香梨品牌成长道路。     

MNCs and Sustainable Business Practice: The Case of the Colombian and Peruvian Petroleum Industries

Multinational corporations (MNCs) play an increasingly important role in the economic development strategies of many less developed countries (LDCs). At the same time the sustainable development of LDCs requires economic growth to be accompanied by environmental protection and greater social equity. This paper contributes to the literature concerned with MNCs' contribution to the sustainable development of LDCs. The concept of sustainable business practice (SBP) is proposed as relevant to understanding MNCs' contribution, and an analytical framework incorporating the content, context, and process of SBP is used to examine what SBP might consist of, as well as those conditions important for its widespread adoption. Results from a study examining the Colombian and Peruvian petroleum industries show that despite important contributions by MNCs to sustainable development, SBP is not yet widespread. The study also shows the importance of external institutional pressures—principally in the form of local legislation—for MNCs' contribution to the sustainable development of LDCs. Finally the paper shows how the process of change toward more SBP is closely linked to the external context in which MNCs operate, the characteristics of their internal context, and the internal and external processes linking these contexts.     

浅谈新形势下的林业生态工程建设

保护和发展森林是改善生态环境,实现经济、社会和环境协调持续发展的根本性措施之一。本文从实施林业生态工程的必要、现状与新形势下林业建设三个方面来论述。     

Sustainable development and the local economy

This article sets out the divergence so far between the developing “environmental economics” and local authority “green strategies”. We propose a model of environmentally sustainable economic development. Our argument outlines “environmental efficiency” and more stringent “sustainability” objectives. It reviews current local authority activities and practices. All are within the “environmental efficiency” framework. It concludes by identifying opportunities created by recent government commitment to environmental improvement targets and argues that local authorities are well placed to take up the challenge of developing sustainable development in local economies. It suggests that this process will involve intervention in the market in a way not dissimilar to that adopted in the 1980s by local authorities concerned with developing socially progressive economic strategies and that this process might be termed “social environmentalism”.     

系统观下的西藏旅游可持续发展分析——兼论复杂网络研究范式的适用性

区域旅游可持续发展涉及诸多关键性的要素和指标,同时这些要素与指标之间又存在着错综复杂的关联。因此,在学科交叉研究越发普及的趋势下,文章基于复杂系统观,以西藏自治区旅游可持续发展为研究对象,分析了西藏旅游可持续发展系统的内部结构、功能及其运行机理。在此基础上,文章进一步讨论了区域旅游可持续发展研究中复杂网络研究范式的实用性,并就复杂网络范式在西藏旅游可持续发展研究中的相关应用谈了些基本看法。最后,文章认为,抛开西藏旅游可持续发展的特殊性,复杂系统与复杂网络研究也应成为未来可持续旅游研究的重要范式。     

Psychology and the development problem in Southern Africa

Although psychology is mainly concerned with the study of the individual, it can also make a valuable contribution to the economic development of communities, as the same complex factors are involved. Several relevant viewpoints of contemporary psychologists are discussed and their implications for development research are indicated. The conclusion is reached that psychologists can make a major contribution by studying personal factors that play a role in development, by therapeutic interventions and as advisory members of research teams.     

Zimbabwe national conservation strategy and sustainable rural development

For rural development to be sustainable in southern Africa it must go hand in hand with environmental conservation, which has been neglected. The author draws on first‐hand professional experience in Zimbabwe as a member of a UN technical assistance team to examine how the internationally recognised concepts of environmental management can be translated into a coherent planning approach through which disadvantaged rural communities can break out of their socio‐economic deprivation and environmental decline. The article emphasises the need to seek the most appropriate local solutions for environmental problems and stresses that satisfactory theoretical understanding of these problems has yet to be matched by comprehensive and workable development strategies.