对中国通货膨胀的基本判断及货币政策建议

中国宏观经济正处于一个通货膨胀的通道之中,但中国强有力的货币政策措施效果不显著。究其原因,在于本轮通货膨胀具有不同以往的外源性特征,其中包含了美国美元贬值阴谋。正因为中国通货膨胀仅仅是全球性通货膨胀的一部分,同时中国承担着全球性通货膨胀成本,因此解决通货膨胀问题,并非中国的"家务事"。在此背景中,针对国内通货膨胀问题,中国不能急于求成,而只能顺势而为,以财政政策为主,来弱化通胀之负作用。货币政策作为辅助性政策,仅需要保持从紧状态,避免信贷失控即可。     

开放经济背景下中国货币财政政策的非对称效应

在后金融危机时期,以货币和财政政策为代表的宏观调控受到理论界和政策制定者的空前关注。本文选取1996年1月-2010年8月的月度数据,通过构建多变量的马尔可夫区制转移向量自回归(MSVAR)模型,检验了开放经济条件下我国货币财政政策的非对称效应。模型估计结果支持以通货膨胀率、股市收益率和人民币兑美元汇率的升值速度作为描述三区制经济状态的指标变量。分区制的累积脉冲响应分析表明,在不同状态区制下,货币供应量、信贷、利率、财政支出和人民币汇率对经济系统具有非对称的影响。     

货币、财政和宏观审慎政策的协调搭配研究

本文通过构建包含多部门和多元宏观政策的DSGE模型,对货币政策、财政政策和宏观审慎政策的最优反应规则及其协调组合问题进行了分析。分析结果显示:(1)从社会福利最大化的角度,货币政策可继续盯住通胀和产出的稳定,政府支出和税收政策可分别重点盯住产出稳定和债务稳定,而宏观审慎政策则可重点关注以信贷利差和信贷波动为代表的关键金融变量;(2)货币政策、财政政策和宏观审慎政策,通过合理的搭配和组合使用,能比任何单一政策工具都具有更好的经济金融稳定效应;反之,政策之间的不协调将显著削弱彼此的调控效应,加大经济和金融波动,从而导致显著的社会福利损失;(3)从多种政策协调搭配产生“合力”的内在机制来看,财政政策主要通过增加对产出、通胀、就业和债务等变量的稳定效应,对货币政策产生额外助力,而宏观审慎政策则主要通过稳定金融体系和降低金融风险对货币政策产生助力。上述结论表明,在多种经济金融政策并存的情况下,基于良好设定的政策规则,同时加强政策各部门之间的协调合作,是确保多元政策产生积极合力的重要基础。     

我国财政与货币政策协调问题研究

针对当前“稳增长”与“稳杠杆”的双重目标，本文构建了一个包含财政、货币政 策四种规则的新凯恩斯主义动态随机一般均衡分析框架，利用我国1995—2016年间的数据进行 估计，然后从平滑机制和联动机制两个层面探讨财政货币政策如何配合问题。研究发现，从平 滑机制看，财政货币政策需要各自加强相机调节力度，从联动机制看，利率需要对税收冲击负 向响应，而政府支出需要对货币供给冲击正向响应。研究表明，与现行政策范式相比，政策搭 配优化后的调控效果较好。     

Fiscal and Monetary Policy Coordination,Macroeconomic Stability,and Sovereign Risk Premia

In standard macroeconomic models, equilibrium stability and uniqueness require monetary policy to actively target inflation and fiscal policy to ensure long‐run debt sustainability. We show analytically that these requirements change, and depend on the cyclicality of fiscal policy, when government debt is risky. In that case, budget deficits raise interest rates and crowd out consumption. Consequently, countercyclical fiscal policies reduce the parameter space supporting stable and unique equilibria and are feasible only if complemented with more aggressive debt consolidation and/or active monetary policy. Stability is more easily achieved, however, under procyclical fiscal policies.     

美国财政和货币政策的困境与出路

本文分析了美国财政和货币政策的局限和困境,并探讨了其政策出路。本文突破了财政政策对私有部门挤出效应的传统分析方法,采用宽松货币和财政政策的交互作用,从更广泛视角分析政府政策的挤出效应;以个人和企业资产负债表在不同时期的状态及调整为框架,并突破货币政策分析将利息作为负债成本的传统方法,将利息也作为资产收益评估政策效果;运用这一框架,并采用"核心GDP"作为经济增长质量和可持续性的指标,分析美国最近财政和货币政策的局限和出路。     

Time Inconsistency and Free‐Riding in a Monetary Union

In monetary unions, a time inconsistency problem in monetary policy leads to a novel type of free‐rider problem in the setting of non‐monetary policies. The free‐rider problem leads union members to pursue lax non‐monetary policies that induce the monetary authority to generate high inflation. Free‐riding can be mitigated by imposing constraints on non‐monetary policies. Without a time inconsistency problem, the union has no free‐rider problem; then constraints on non‐monetary policies are unnecessary and possibly harmful. This theory is here detailed and applied to several non‐monetary policies: labor market policy, fiscal policy, and bank regulation.     

通胀治理效率及其决定因素的实证研究——基于发展中国家的跨国分析

运用Malmquist指数和面板协整方法,测度了39个发展中国家在1995~2010年通胀治理效率,并分析影响通胀治理效率的宏观决定因素及渠道。实证结果发现,大部分发展中国家的通胀治理效率并没有明显改善。在通胀治理效率的决定因素中,货币与财政政策的自主性、汇率弹性、金融自由度等因素既影响政府决策效率,又关乎政策传导效率,从而显著影响发展中国家的通胀治理效率;金融发展因素则主要通过提升政策传导效率影响通胀治理效率;而经济开放对各效率指标的影响都不显著。与其他发展中国家相比,中国注重金融市场的培育并配套相应的金融监管从而享有较高的通胀治理政策传导效率。进一步提升中国通胀治理效率应在增强货币政策和财政政策自主性的同时,提高汇率弹性。     

中国宏观调控工具的选择及效应研究

基于中国的宏观调控政策事实,本文在Gali（1992）基础上构建了包含数量型货币 政策、价格型货币政策和财政政策的SVAR模型,并运用1995年-2017年的宏观数据进行了实证 检验。SVAR模型的实证显示,数量型货币政策对产出和通胀均有正向效应,价格型货币政策 对当前宏观经济增长作用有限,扩张性财政政策对产出和通胀均有快速显著的正向刺激作用。     

中国开放经济下的财政和货币政策--规范和实证分析

本文在对IS -LM -BP模型公式化的基础上 ,推导出开放经济下的财政政策和货币政策乘数 ;并对近年来我国财政政策和货币政策对经济增长的贡献进行了实证分析。结论是 :IS -LM -BP模型的分析方法在我国目前是适用的 ;我国财政政策乘数大于货币政策乘数。利用其测算的结果较接近官方公布的数字。     

Generalized Stability of Monetary Unions Under Regime Switching in Monetary and Fiscal Policies

Earlier studies on the stability of monetary unions show that an inflation‐targeting central bank imposes strict budgetary requirements on fiscal policy to obtain a unique stable equilibrium. Failure of only one fiscal authority to meet these requirements already results in nonexistence of equilibrium. Nevertheless, it might prove useful to temporarily depart from such requirements in order to absorb country‐specific shocks. We show that such departures are feasible if fiscal authorities commit to switch to more sustainable fiscal regimes in the future. Debt devaluation and fiscal bailouts may also broaden the range of policy stances under which monetary unions are stable.     

财政政策定义的重构--来自两百年间的文献研究与中国实践的启示

财政政策长期缺乏准确定义,引发两重模糊性:与财政部门的行为相混淆;与货币政策的边界模糊。十九届四中全会提出健全宏观调控体系,要求财政、货币及其他政策协调。本文通过重新构建财政政策的定义,消除模糊性,从而为政策协调提供理论基础。本文首先梳理财政政策的词源与其后两百余年间的文献,论证模糊性的存在,并总结理论渊源;在重构定义之后,本文讨论了一般性和具体政策的典型分类,发现新定义既不与公认分类矛盾,又能消除传统概念的模糊。本文重构的定义明晰了财政政策的学理属性与理论边界,提出的弱财政政策的概念对政策制定如何考虑市场平台与政府参与之间的关系有实践意义,该定义的提出为中国特色财政学理论的构建与完善提供了概念基础。     

Interaction of Government Tiers and Central Banks in a Federation: An Empirical Test

Fiscal rules are necessary to protect monetary policy from the consequences of unsustainable or active fiscal policy for inflation. Monetary unions, such as the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), require even stronger fiscal rules to avoid free riding by regional fiscal authorities on the common monetary policy. By contrast, in a fiscal federation, the federal government internalises the effect of active regional policies on the overall price level. Federal fiscal policy contributes to price stability either by enforcing fiscal rules or by adjusting its own stance. Following Canzoneri, Cumby and Diba (2001), we test whether federal and regional governments in Germany behave in an active or passive way. We find evidence of a spillover effect of unsustainable policies on other regions. The German federal government offsets the effect on the price level by running passive policies. The Bundesbank's prime objective of price stability is therefore endorsed by fiscal policy. The results have implications for the regulation of fiscal policies in the EMU.     

Inflation Targeting,Fiscal Policy,and the Exchange Rate Regime

Until recently, Turkey’s economy was characterized by high inflation, undisciplined public finance management, and a fragile banking system and experienced multiple economic crises. After the economy was hit by another crisis in 2001, the central bank became independent, adopted inflation targeting as the monetary policy framework, and implemented reforms to adopt a more stringent fiscal policy. Inflation rates decreased to single-digit levels within 3 years after the independence of the central bank. This article analyzes the end of the high inflation period in the context of monetary and fiscal policy interactions within a Markov-Switching Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model in which monetary and fiscal policies are allowed to switch between different regimes.     

Monetary conservatism and fiscal policy

Does an inflation conservative central bank à la Rogoff (1985) remain desirable in a setting with endogenous fiscal policy? To provide an answer we study monetary and fiscal policy games without commitment in a dynamic, stochastic sticky-price economy with monopolistic distortions. Monetary policy determines nominal interest rates and fiscal policy provides public goods generating private utility. We find that lack of fiscal commitment gives rise to excessive public spending. The optimal inflation rate internalizing this distortion is positive, but lack of monetary commitment generates too much inflation. A conservative monetary authority thus remains desirable. When fiscal policy is determined before monetary policy each period, the monetary authority should focus exclusively on stabilizing inflation. Monetary conservatism then eliminates the steady state biases associated with lack of monetary and fiscal commitment and leads to stabilization policy that is close to optimal.     

两次金融危机期间我国财政政策与货币政策配合的比较分析及思考

为积极应对国际金融危机的冲击,我国从2008年底开始实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策.与亚洲金融危机相比,本次国际金融危机期问我国宏观调控政策的配合呈现一系列新的特点.针对在政策搭配中所出现的问题,在后危机时代,我国应从短期、中期以及长期来考虑政策的选择和配合.     

“稳增长”与“防风险”双目标的宏观调控政策抉择

“防风险”和“稳增长”是当前宏观调控的两大政策目标,为此,本文构建一个平衡兼顾双重政策目标的门限理论模型框架,基于反事实方法评估了动态平衡上述两大目标的最优财政货币政策组合。研究表明:(1)2008年以前,财政政策和货币政策都表现出较强的稳增长政策功效,但国际金融危机后,政策取向更倾向于动态平衡“稳增长”与“防风险”目标。(2)财政政策对三部门杠杆的影响呈现显著增强态势,数量型货币政策效果则在经历“增加—下降”周期后趋于稳定,利率政策效果显著而且近年来呈现增强态势,由此表明利率的传导效果正在不断得以强化。(3)从反事实结果看,宏观调控的最优政策搭配抉择取决于政策当局在动态平衡不同目标中的政策取向,特别是,依赖于精准调控“稳增长”与“防风险”目标的偏好强度。     

当前启动内需与宏观经济政策的着重点

要通过启动内需而保增长,就必须有效调整货币政策和财政政策,实行积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策。本文通过多方面分析,指出当前在我国启动内需的宏观经济政策调控中应该更多地注重运用财政政策,慎用货币政策,并就如何更加有效地运用财税政策提出相关建议。     

Inside–outside money competition

We study how competition from privately supplied currency substitutes affects monetary equilibria. Whenever currency is inefficiently provided, inside money competition plays a disciplinary role by providing an upper bound on equilibrium inflation rates. Furthermore, if “inside monies” can be produced at a sufficiently low cost, outside money is driven out of circulation. Whenever a ‘benevolent’ government can commit to its fiscal policy, sequential monetary policy is efficient and inside money competition plays no role.     

浅析宏观审慎监管与宏观经济政策的基本关系

宏观审慎监管是指以防范系统性金融风险为目标.主要采用审慎监管工具,且以必要的治理架构为支撑的相关政策.宏观审慎监管是与货币政策和财政政策相对独立、并行的概念,但又与其互为补充、相互影响,共同促进金融稳定与发展.宏观审慎、货币政策和财政政策虽分属于不同的政策框架,具有不同的政策目标和政策工具,但是紧密联系,而且互动性极强.关键是要准确把握不同政策范畴之下不同政策工具的传导机制与相互影响.