Strategic trade policy in the presence of reputation spillovers

With the emergence of North–South intra-industry trade in products where consumers value quality, exporting countries potentially face significant barriers to entry. Due to the existence of asymmetric information about new products in a foreign market, the producer's reputation becomes an important factor in determining whether consumers choose to make a purchase. The purpose of this paper is to add learning externalities across multiple products to a model of endogenous firm entry and quality in order to examine the implications for commercial intervention. Building on the work of Mayer (1984) and Grossman and Horn (1988), we introduce learning across multiple products in the presence of incomplete information. If the reputation of the initial entrants from a country is poor, it raises the informational barriers to entry. Consequently, strategic trade policy depends on both the quality choice of firms entering the market for exports as well as the degree of product interrelatedness. In the presence of high and lowquality producers, across-the-board subsidization hinders rather than promotes exports in developing countries.     

Strategic trade policy with endogenous choice of quality and asymmetric costs

This paper examines strategic trade and joint welfare maximizing incentives towards investment in the quality of exports by an LDC and a developed country. Firms first compete in qualities and then export to an imperfectly competitive, third country market. Under Bertrand competition, unilateral policy involves an investment subsidy by the low-quality LDC and an investment tax by the developed country, whereas jointly optimal policy calls for the reverse so as to reduce price competition by increasing product differentiation. Under Cournot competition, unilateral policy is also reversed from the Bertrand outcome, but jointly optimal policy involves a tax in both countries.     

我国战略性贸易政策实践

本文对改革开放以来我国的战略性贸易政策实践进行了分析。虽然我国政府从未明确提出要实行战略性贸易政策,但是通过和日本经济高速增长时期的战略性贸易政策相比较,可以发现,在我国广泛推行的产业政策中,战略性贸易政策早就存在。只是由于产业组织政策失效所导致的市场竞争程度低下,使得我国战略性贸易政策的实施效果很不理想。因此,协调产业政策和竞争政策,打破地方保护,建立国内统一大市场就成为我国今后战略性贸易政策成功的关键。     

战略性贸易产业R&D补贴的实施策略研究——事前补贴与事后补贴之比较

我国在世贸组织规制下对战略性贸易产业实施保护面临选用什么样的政策保护工具及如何实施的问题?R&D补贴因其具有非专项性和非贸易扭曲性而成为符合世贸组织规制的贸易保护工具。本文利用博弈模型和数据模拟法对R&D补贴的两种实施策略进行了比较,发现事后R&D补贴策略能够产生更大的福利效果,更加有利于节约资源和避免寻租,是优于事前R&D补贴的实施策略,具有更强的现实可行性,值得我国政府采纳。     

我国进口贸易结构与经济增长的相关性分析

本文通过分析进口贸易与我国国内生产总值增长的关系,肯定了进口贸易对我国国内生产总值增长的推动作用。并选择在我国进口贸易中具有代表性的日本、法国、俄罗斯和澳大利亚四国作为样本国,分析了在不同的进口贸易结构下,进口贸易对我国经济增长的不同促进作用。结果显示,扩大进口先进技术、关键设备和国内短缺的能源、原材料,促进资源进口的多元化,将更加有利于我国国内生产总值的增长。     

战略性贸易政策理论研究最新进展

本文首先介绍了战略贸易政策理论的基本模型扩展研究,其次主要就2000年以后国外学者对于该理论及其模型在产业竞争优势、公司所有权构成、产业集中度、战略联盟、委托竞争、产业整合等方面的研究成果进行综述,最后对战略贸易政策理论的最新发展做了简要评述。     

Signalling and underutilization of import quota

This study introduces an information asymmetry regarding the foreign exporter's cost in a strategic trade model. We show that it is possible to use import quotas or voluntary export restraints as a signal of the strength of the foreign exporter who enters into a previously protected domestic market. Our model provides a possible explanation for the underutilization of import quotas that is consistent with rational behaviour on the part of importing and exporting countries. Under the assumption that the exporter's marginal cost of securing the import quota is sufficiently low the underutilization of an import quota is an equilibrium result.     

战略性贸易政策理论研究的新思路

战略性贸易政策理论兴起于20世纪80年代,经过20多年的发展,其两个基本理论内涵被众多学者从诸多领域进行了扩展。本文将这一理论的扩展归纳为以下五个方面:基本模型的扩展、引入不完全信息和信息不对称、政策工具选择的新视角、贸易产品的新视角、各国和世界整体福利的新视角。     

中国战略贸易政策的选择

加入世贸组织以后,我国必须继续降低关税壁垒、大幅度削减非关税壁垒、进一步开放市场,我国的对外贸易必须纳入世贸组织的规则与框架。同时,我国正处于经济转型阶段,市场经济的各方面制度尚不完善,经济总体实力还不强,因此,在对外贸易领域里,我国政府制定的贸易政策应该在世贸组织的规则与框架内,以本国经济利益为基本出发点,有利于本国企业参与国内外两个市场激烈的竞争,不断提高国际竞争力。实行战略性R&D投入政策是一个符合国际惯例的现实选择,有利于我国对外贸易和国民经济的长远利益。     

战略性贸易政策:发达国家与发展中国家的博弈

作为新贸易理论的主要内容之一,战略性贸易政策实质上是发达国家为自己的保护主义所寻求的借口和托词。它虽然在产业适用性和国家适用性方面设置了诸多限制,但印度软件业的发展是该政策得以在发展中国家成功实施的良好佐证。我国应该在市场培育、制度建设以及贸易政策与产业政策协调配合等方面进行强化,以利用战略性贸易政策来培育我国具有国际竞争力的产业。     

新贸易保护主义的新发展与中国的战略性贸易政策选择——基于弱势产业与贸易保护有效性的分析

本文在弱势产业划分与贸易保护有效性分析的基础上,探讨新贸易保护主义的新发展及其对中国进出口贸易的影响,分析我国的战略性贸易政策选择。本文认为:是否值得与能否对弱势产业进行贸易保护,在大国与小国的答案并不完全相同,可以利用大国规模经济效应提升弱势产业的比较竞争优势;对优势产业与“夕阳产业”同时进行保护、贸易保护的意识形态工具创新是新贸易保护主义新发展的主要特点;为了应对新贸易保护主义新发展对我国进出口贸易的冲击,必须制定符合我国国情的战略性贸易政策。     

Integrated information and the cost of capital

The growing requirements for corporate transparency have encouraged companies to report their performance to shareholders, investors and society in general from the economic, social and environmental points of view. However, many reports involve difficulties at the moment of analysing the information. To help minimize this problem, the integrated report has arisen. This document integrates all the financial, social and environmental information, jointly disclosing the key performance statistics.Previous research has revealed that disclosing financial information gives important economic advantages to companies. This work aims to extend the existing empirical evidence, analysing the effect that the disclosure of integrated information has on the cost of capital. Accordingly, we used a sample of 995 companies in 27 countries and 3294 observations. The period in which the sample was taken was from 2009 to 2013. The results, after applying the panel data methodology, confirmed that a negative relationship exists between the cost of capital and the disclosure of an integrated report. The reduction of the cost of capital as a result of the disclosure of an integrated report is especially relevant to those companies that need to increase their basic funding. They have considerable problems with asymmetric information or they operate in markets with limited protection for investors.     

Persistent protection in an international exit game

This paper examines the strategic behavior of two countries in a duopoly exit game with declining demand in the export market. We consider whether countries have a strategic rational to maintain, rather than unilaterally or jointly reduce, their subsidies. Conditions under which persistent subsidization is justified from a national perspective are derived. By maintaining subsidies one country can gain a strategic advantage by forcing its rival to exit earlier. An outcome where only one country applies the subsidy is not attainable. Free trade is less likely to occur close to the end of the game.     

国际环境规制与倒逼型产业技术升级

本文引入产品的消费性负外部性和政府战略性补贴,拓展了Fischer和Serra(2000)消费外部性条件下政府最小技术标准制定行为的分析模型。欧美高于中国的环境标准,对中国传统产业产品的出口产生了重大影响,中国企业针对减少消费性负外部性进行技术研发投入,与欧盟不断提高的环境规制进行博弈。研究表明,政府通过对本国企业减少消费性负外部性的技术改进和技术创新的战略性补贴,可以推动传统产业实现"倒逼"型产业升级。     

国际R&D的溢出效应、吸收能力与战略性贸易政策

探讨了国际R&D的溢出水平、吸收能力对战略性贸易工具的选择以及功效的影响。结论显示:吸收能力不仅弱化了国际R&D溢出的负面影响,还增强了利用国际R&D溢出的能力,增进了社会福利水平;不论是何种战略性贸易措施,在较高的国际R&D溢出水平与较强的吸收能力下,事前措施是战略性补贴,反之则亦然;在仅有战略性事前补贴措施以及战略性事前补贴与事后征税措施这两种政策中,后一种政策措施的激励功效更好;在R&D的国际溢出水平越高、企业自身的吸收能力越强的情形下,战略性事前补贴的力度也应越强,从而提高战略性贸易政策的激励功效。     

对外贸易与劳动收入占比:基于省际工业面板数据的研究

考虑到进口贸易与出口贸易在影响机制上的差异性,本文重点探讨对外贸易开放程度增加在我国工业劳动收入占比下降中所起的作用并区分进口贸易和出口贸易的影响。在控制了劳动收入占比与贸易的联立关系之后,本文发现进口贸易的作用显著为负,出口贸易则表现出弱负向作用。此外,资本增强型技术进步也是我国工业部门劳动要素分配地位弱化的重要原因。     

国际贸易与技术溢出:经验研究的最新进展

有关国际贸易与技术溢出的最新经验研究都是在Coe和Helpman(1995)计量模型(简称CH模型)的基础上展开的。CH模型的扩展涉及到:R&D溢出变量的不同设定形式;其它溢出渠道的引入;人力资本的具体作用。本文对国外关于进口贸易与技术溢出的经验研究的最新进展进行了综述,并揭示了进一步研究的方向。     

对我国水果进出口贸易的思考

近20年来,我国水果总产量增长迅速,水果进出口贸易增长的幅度也很快,但是水果进口额增长速度远远高于出口额增长速度。目前我国水果出口存在很多问题,如没有自己的品牌,经营观念落后等。这造成了我国虽然是水果的生产大国,却是出口小国。本文对我国水果出口存在的问题,提出了一些解决方法。     

Tariff structure and output adjustment in the presence of interindustry flows

This paper investigates the adjustment of gross and net outputs to a change in tariff structure in models involving interindustry flows. Various conditions for the normal price-gross-output relationship are derived in a two-good, two-primary-factor model. These conditions are expressed in terms of the degree and also the patterns of substitutability and complementarity between different inputs. In the special case where the produced input is not used in its own production, the paper shows that the abnormal relationship between prices and gross outputs can occur only if the two primary factors are complements to each other and their degree of complementarity is sufficiently high. Finally, the response of net outputs due to a change in tariff structure is explored in a general model allowing arbitrary numbers of goods and primary factors.     

中国粮食进口贸易中“大国效应”的扭曲及实证分析

本文利用近年来中国小麦国际贸易的统计数据,运用格兰杰因果关系检验对中国粮食进口贸易中的“大国效应”进行实证分析。结果表明,中国粮食进口量的变动是影响国际市场粮食价格变动的重要原因;国际市场粮食价格的变动却不是影响中国粮食进口量变动的原因,说明中国的粮食进口贸易中存在着扭曲的“大国效应”,最后,在本文结论的基础上提出了相应的政策建议。