Exploring the nexus between financial sector reforms and the emergence of digital banking culture – Evidences from a developing country

Several financial and banking sector reform programs were instituted in different countries over the last three decades. The underlining purpose of these reforms was largely to improve banking sector supervision and regulation, introduce bank privatization mechanism, introduce clearance and settlement systems, infuse competition and to stimulate financial innovation. The objectives of this study are to 1) review the relevant published literature and market survey reports on the financial & banking sector reforms undertaken in Pakistan and elsewhere, 2) analyze how these reform programs develop digital banking culture and increase financial inclusion in the country and 3) guide future research by putting forward a research agenda. The findings of the study suggest a link between the financial and banking sector reforms and the stimulation of financial innovation; the promotion of digital banking culture; and the infusion of financial inclusion in Pakistan. We discuss managerial/policy implications of the study, limitations and presents recommendations for future research.     

A reconsideration of the Jensen-Meckling model of outside finance

The paper studies outside finance in a model of two-dimensional moral hazard, involving risk choices as well as effort choices. If the entrepreneur has insufficient funds, a first-best outcome cannot be implemented. Second-best outcomes involve greater failure risk than first-best outcomes. For a Cobb-Douglas technology, second-best effort and investment levels are smaller than first-best; for other technologies, the comparison depends on the elasticity of substitution. If firm returns are not too noisy as signals of behaviour, the optimal incentive scheme corresponds to some mix of debt and equity finance. If firm returns are too noisy, this interpretation is not available.     

Relationship Banking and the Pricing of Financial Services

We investigate pricing effects of the joint production of loans and security underwritings. We control for firm and borrower characteristics, including differences in sequencing, which are important for pricing. Contrary to previous studies, when banks combine lending and underwriting within the same customer relationship they charge premiums for both loans and underwriting services. Abstracting from effects of joint production within relationships, depository banks engaged in underwriting price lending and underwriting more cheaply than stand alone investment banks. One advantage borrowers enjoy from bundling products within a banking relationship is a form of liquidity risk insurance, which is manifested in a reduced demand for lines of credit. We also find evidence of a “road show” effect; firms enjoy loan pricing discounts on loans that are negotiated at times close to the debt underwritings, whether or not the same bank provides both services. Relationship effects are only visible when lending and underwriting both occur, and are stronger for equity-loan relationships than for debt-loan relationships. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The impact of network size on bank branch performance

Despite significant technological innovation in retail banking services delivery, the number of US bank branches has grown steadily over time. Further, more and more of these branches are held by banks with large branch networks. This paper assesses the implications of these developments by examining measures of branch performance and asking how these measure vary across institutions with different branch network sizes. Our findings suggest that banks with mid-sized branch networks may be at a competitive disadvantage in branching activities. We find no systematic relationship between branch network size and overall institutional profitability, perhaps because banking organizations optimize the size of their branch network operations as part of an overall strategy involving both branch-based and non-branch-based activities.     

金融监管理念：以金融创新和金融监管的辨证关系为视角

本文介绍了金融创新理论和金融监管的理论基础。在金融创新背景下,金融机构开始从分业经营向混业经营发展,金融监管出现了六大趋势。金融创新与金融监管的关系是动态的博弈过程,金融发展一方面需要金融创新作为动力,另一方面又需要加强金融监管以维护金融安全。金融创新是金融业发展的内在动力,金融监管是金融有序化的外在保障。金融创新与金融监管就这样互相作用,共同促进金融改革的深化。     

Staged-financing contracts with private information

This paper studies the use of incentive contracts in the Bolton–Scharfstein model when some agents in the population are technically constrained from falsifying reports and stealing cash [Bolton, P., Scharfstein, D., 1990. A theory of predation based on agency problems in financial contracting. Amer. Econ. Rev. 80, 94–106]. The original Bolton–Scharfstein contract may not be optimal for a large range of parametric values. The optimal contract may induce falsification and stealing in equilibrium and social welfare may be improved. Moreover, the optimal contract does not screen different types of agents. Empirical implications for various types of staged-contracts are discussed.     

影子银行的发展及其监管

自上个世纪末以来,影子银行快速发展,资产规模已接近传统银行体系.影子银行的风险被认为是造成2008年全球金融危机的重要原因,各国和国际金融机构近年纷纷出台加强影子银行监管的措施,试图改变过去监管缺失的状态.和国外影子银行以资产证券化为核心不同,我国影子银行的主要功能是作为融资渠道.因此,我国要借鉴国外影子发展和监管的经验,正确看待影子银行的作用,引导其规范发展并将其作为银行体系的有益补充.     

How do IMF announcements affect financial markets in crises?: Evidence from forward exchange markets

We employ a theoretical model to interpret the liquidity and moral hazard effects of IMF support during a financial crisis. We then estimate the response of forward exchange markets to IMF-related announcements, using data on the 3-, 9-, and 12-month forward exchange rates. Our results indicate that the announcement of IMF negotiations is associated with a premium on the baht and the rupiah, where the premium is much larger on the latter. This result is largely consistent with the responses of stock and bond markets, especially when country-specific data are employed.     

中国信托业的金融逻辑、功能和风险防范

我国现有的金融体系不能有效地发挥配置资源的功能。政府规制和刚性兑付的约束,提升了信托业整体的信任度。随着我国信托业的正面形象逐步树立,居民在利率极低、资本市场低迷的背景下选择购买信托产品来理财,是我国信托业管理资产迅速增长的金融逻辑。我国信托业具有满足理财需求、提升金融功能、促进实体经济发展和居民财产性收入提高的功能,进而形成良性循环,这与\"十二五\"规划《建议》的基本逻辑相一致。防范信托业的风险需要政府的立法、监管和信托公司自身风险控制相结合的综合应对策略。     

IT governance: Objectives and assurances in internet banking

This paper develops and tests a new factor of the trust model in electronic commerce; namely, internet banking. Internal control of internet banking is very consistent with high levels of trust factors such as security, privacy, and other risk issues. However, this type of association has not yet been widely recognized as a trusted model from the consumer's electronic commerce point of view. This study attempts to create new factors in IT governance and the COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies) assurance seal. The empirical results of this experiment show that customer familiarity with IT governance and the COBIT assurance seal has impacted customers' trust in internet banking. Moreover, the results also show that perceived internet banking quality and reputation impact customers' trust in internet banking. Given the results of this study, we propose future research aimed at developing a COBIT assurance web seal of internal control, applicable to information technology based on IT governance.