货币流动性影响资产价格的理论探讨

货币流动性的变化趋势反映了宽松或者紧缩的货币环境. 货币流动性如何作用于资产价格不仅是货币政策执行者关心的问题,也是投资者关注的焦点.我国A股市场于2005年触底反弹,到2006年11月21日,上证综指已经突破2000点并屡创新高. 业内人士普遍认为货币流动性过剩是促成我国股市高企的原因之一. 本文侧重在理论上解释货币流动性的经济涵义,探索流动性变化趋势对股票等资产价格的作用机制,为机构投资者资产配置决策中的资产选择提供理论参考.     

流动性影响资产价格与消费价格的传导机制

对我国1998年1季度到2009年1季度的资产价格与消费价格的波动进行实证分析,发现货币供应量增加首先带来房地产价格上升,约两年后,消费价格指数开始上升,说明货币供应通过资产价格再传导到消费价格。在当前流动性再次增加的情况下,要考虑其对资产价格及通货膨胀预期的影响,并可实行分类增加信贷的政策,防止资产价格泡沫化。     

资产证券化的供给和需求：文献综述

本文从供给和需求层面梳理和评述了与资产证券化有关的理论文献。在供给层面,信息不对称假说认为打包和拆分有利于克服逆向选择,提高资产的流动性;监管套利假说认为证券化能够帮助银行规避最低资本监管,优化资本结构。在需求层面,风险重置假说认为资产证券化满足了投资者对安全资产的需求,而便利收益假说则认为资产支持证券缓解了金融交易中高质量担保品短缺的问题。然而,美国次贷危机的爆发揭露出资产证券化过程中的若干重要问题,这使得上述假说面临新的挑战。大量实证研究结果表明：拓宽融资来源、提高流动性是资产证券化的最主要动机;资产证券化对商业银行的风险管理、信贷供给和盈利能力具有显著的影响;证券化过程中存在显著的激励扭曲,尤其是道德风险。在梳理文献的基础上,本文指出迄今为止的证券化研究文献存在的一些局限。     

美国货币冲击与中国资产价格波动

资产价格波动是金融风险的重要指标,伴随中国经济的不断开放,中国资产价格受到了美国货币冲击的影响.本文通过相关性和因果关系分析表明,美国联邦基金利率与以贴现率表示的货币政策扩张和收缩二元指标对中国资产价格波动有较好的解释力,其他指标则解释力不足.与美国货币冲击相关的全球流动性指标对中国资产价格波动产生了显著的影响.在对中国资产价格波动的因子分析中,本文发现美国货币政策和国际资本流动是影响中国资产价格波动的最主要因素,其次是流动性因素,汇率和信贷因素总的来说对资产价格波动的影响不大,但其重要性在现阶段逐渐凸显出来.     

我国资产价格暴涨的政治经济学分析

近年来,我国以房地产和股票为代表的资产价格急剧上涨,结构因素、总量因素和重新定价因素等相继成为解释的原因。笔者以全球流动性过剩的国际传导为视角,对我国资产价格暴涨进行了政治经济学分析,认为资金太多才是本轮资产价格暴涨的主要原因。因此,当务之急是在公开、公平和公正原则下,对资产价格进行正常蒸发,同时谨防短期国际资本以概念炒作的方式对我国进行远程非接触式攻击。     

我国资产价格暴涨的政治经济学分析

近年来，我国以房地产和股票为代表的资产价格急剧上涨，结构因素、总量因素和重新定价因素等相继成为解释的原因。笔者以全球流动性过剩的国际传导为视角，对我国资产价格暴涨进行了政治经济学分析，认为资金太多才是本轮资产价格暴涨的主要原因。因此，当务之急是在公开、公平和公正原则下，对资产价格进行正常蒸发，同时谨防短期国际资本以概念炒作的方式对我国进行远程非接触式攻击。     

流动性冲击与资产价格波动研究——基于中国数据的实证检验

文章通过对推行改革开放以来我国流动性冲击与资产价格波动的实证研究发现,我国存在着显著的流动性冲击引致资产价格波动的现象,但流动性冲击对于资产价格波动的影响存在明显的时滞效应。对于不同的资产,流动性冲击引致资产价格波动的效应不同:对房地产市场而言,流动性冲击首先对房地产价格造成影响,但房地产价格对流动性冲击的反向影响作用并不明显,财富效应不显著;就股票市场来看,流动性冲击的效果体现得较慢,但后期二者相互影响,且关系较为稳定,存在显著的财富效应。     

流动性约束与货币政策的资产价格效应

本文在新凯恩斯主义分析框架下,基于一个动态随机模型探讨了代理人消费流动性约束下的货币政策的资产价格效应,得到下列结论：资产价格波动通过财富效应影响代理人的消费。以利率为操作目标的最优货币政策应对股价、房价等资产价格波动做出反应,而其反应强度依赖于受流动性约束的代理人所占的比重。由于资产价格波动导致了流动性约束的时变性,最优利率规则对股价、房价等资产价格波动的最优权重也具有时变性。本文的实证分析表明,我国央行对房价和股价波动的利率调整具有时变性,以及此次金融危机爆发期间显现的这种时变性特征,与本文理论分析结果相吻合。     

货币流动性过剩与资产价格关系初探

流动性过剩程度与资产价格之间并非始终保持同向变动.与货币价值储藏功能相联系的缓冲存量货币需求会受到宏观经济不确定预期的影响,并进一步影响到货币形态与资产形态之间的转化,进而影响我国当前从紧货币政策的最终效果.     

Implicit transaction cost management using intraday price dynamics

Using the Exchange Liquidity Measure, we show that implicit transaction costs exhibit intraday regularities around specific price change signals for a sample of European blue chips publicly quoted on Euronext. Not only transaction costs follow a reverse J-shape throughout the day but they also decrease significantly around specific patterns of price dynamics. By focusing on these signals during the trading day, liquidity traders may detect intraday windows of opportunities during which implicit transaction costs are lower.     

Auctions with variable supply: Uniform price versus discriminatory

We examine an auction in which the seller determines the supply after observing the bids. We compare the uniform price and the discriminatory auction in a setting of supply uncertainty, where uncertainty is caused by the interplay of two factors: the seller's private information about marginal cost and the seller's incentive to sell the profit-maximizing quantity, given the received bids. In every symmetric mixed strategy equilibrium, bidders submit higher bids in the uniform price auction than in the discriminatory auction. In the two-bidder case, this result extends to the set of rationalizable strategies. As a consequence, we find that the uniform price auction generates a higher expected revenue for the seller and a higher trade volume.     

Disentangling the transmission channel NPLs-cost of capital-lending supply

This paper analyses the effects of non-performing loans (NPLs) on the cost of capital, and on lending and liquidity supply, for a sample of 225 Eurozone banks over the period 2002Q1-2016Q4. Our results demonstrate that NPLs increase the cost of capital, which reduces both lending supply and liquidity creation. This phenomenon is comparatively more significant for periphery county banks than for core country banks.     

Asset price bubbles and crashes with near-zero-intelligence traders

Summary. We examine whether a simple agent-based model can generate asset price bubbles and crashes of the type observed in a series of laboratory asset market experiments beginning with the work of Smith, Suchanek and Williams (1988). We follow the methodology of Gode and Sunder (1993, 1997) and examine the outcomes that obtain when populations of zero-intelligence (ZI) budget constrained, artificial agents are placed in the various laboratory market environments that have given rise to price bubbles. We have to put more structure on the behavior of the ZI-agents in order to address features of the laboratory asset bubble environment. We show that our model of near-zero-intelligence traders, operating in the same double auction environments used in several different laboratory studies, generates asset price bubbles and crashes comparable to those observed in laboratory experiments and can also match other, more subtle features of the experimental data.Received: 15 July 2003, Revised: 28 September 2004, JEL Classification Numbers: D83, D84, G12. Correspondence to: John DuffyWe would like to thank an Anonymous referee, Guillaume Frechette, David Laibson, Al Roth and participants in Harvard Experimental and Behavioral Economics Workshop for their comments, and Charles Noussair for providing his data set.     

Asset price volatility and trading volume with rational beliefs

Summary. This paper develops a model of speculative trading in a large economy with a continuum of investors. In our model the investors are assumed to have diverse beliefs which are rational in the sense of being compatible with observed data. We demonstrate the existence of price amplification effects and show that the equilibrium prices can be higher or lower than the rational expectation equilibrium price. It is also shown that trading volume is positively related to the directions of price changes. Moreover, we study how asset price volatility and trading volume are influenced by belief structures, short selling constraints and the amount of fund available for investment.Received: 23 January 2003, Revised: 30 April 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: D84, G12.We are grateful to Professors Mordecai Kurz, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Judd, Carsten Nielsen, Maurizio Motolese, Mark Garmaise, Jean-Michel Grandmont, Peter Hammond, Karl Shell, Jan Werner and participants of the Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET) Conference and Stanford Institute of Theoretical Economics (SITE) Conference for many helpful suggestions. Correspondence to: H.-M. Wu     

Asymmetric adjustment costs and the dynamics of housing supply

This paper examines aggregate dynamics on the supply side of the housing market. The representative firm's intertemporal profit maximisation problem is considered under asymmetric adjustment costs. The hypothesis of asymmetric adjustment costs is also examined empirically using Irish data. Several interesting insights into the dynamics of housing supply are uncovered. These include support for the proposition that the adjustment costs of expanding housing output are greater than those associated with a contraction, evidence of threshold points beyond which adjustment starts to speed up and also the existence of a continuum of equilibria between these thresholds where no adjustment occurs at all.     

Asset price volatility and government revenue

This paper investigates the effect of commercial, residential property and equity price volatility on the variability of cyclically adjusted government revenue. We find significant evidence that asset price volatility increases the variability of government revenue. A 1% increase in equity price volatility increases government revenue variability by 0.37–0.44%. An increase in residential property price volatility increases revenue volatility by about 0.15–0.22%, whereas this effect diminishes to 0.11% in case of commercial property price. This evidence reflects the automatic increase of government revenue variability due to asset price movements and supports arguments in favour of adjusting fiscal variables for both business cycle and asset price changes. However, we also find evidence that equity price variability increases revenue variability even when government revenue is adjusted for both economic and asset price cycles, indicating the presence of more complicated dynamics between fiscal variables and asset price changes.     

Asset price fluctuations without aggregate shocks

We analyze the pricing of a productive asset in a class of dynamic exchange economies with heterogeneous, infinitely-lived agents, and self-enforcing intertemporal trades. Individual incomes fluctuate and are correlated; preferences, dividends and aggregate income are fixed. Almost all economies in this class have a unique stationary Markovian equilibrium with fluctuations in asset prices. As the set of unrationed households changes over time and states, excess demand functions shift, asset returns fluctuate, and some households are shut out of asset markets. Examples suggest that the amplitude of these movements is negatively correlated with the productivity of the asset and with the penalty for default.     

美国次债危机与中国资产证券理性

资产证券化作为一种结构性融资工具,它的发展可以侧面反映出一国的金融深化水平。但是,在2007年美国次级抵押贷款债券风波中,正是这种金融创新工具导致了危机在世界范围内的扩散,并引发了多国银行体系的流动性不足。本文在回顾美国次债危机的基础上,重新认识和分析了资产证券化在风险分散、改善资本结构以及促进金融深化等方面的真实作用,从而为我国在流动性过剩局面下如何推进资产证券化的发展提出了一些有益的启示。     

Disequilibrium dynamics with monetarist price expectations

In this note we sketch the main features of the dynamic evolution of a rationed equilibrium macroeconomic model in which prices and wages respond to excess demands and inflation expectations, and the money stock is endogenous. We postulate monetarist inflation expectations, i.e., expected inflation is assumed to be equal to the current percentage rate of change of the money stock. If the system is stable, monetarist inflation expectations are asymptotically rational.