Efficient Allocations in Club Economies

We explore the characteristics of Pareto‐optimal allocations in the context of local public goods or clubs. A set of first‐order conditions for Pareto optimality is provided. Classical treatments apparently neglect an important term related to migrant compensation, and thus are incorrect. A Pareto optimum is shown to exist.     

Efficient Allocations with Hidden Income and Hidden Storage

We consider an environment in which individuals receive income shocks that are unobservable to others and can privately store resources. We provide a simple characterization of the unique efficient allocation of consumption in cases in which the rate of return on storage is sufficiently high or, alternatively, in which the worst possible outcome is sufficiently dire. We show that, unlike in environments without unobservable storage, the symmetric efficient allocation of consumption is decentralizable through a competitive asset market in which individuals trade risk-free bonds among themselves.     

Implications of Endogenous Group Formation for Efficient Risk-Sharing

The existing literature on sub-game perfect risk-sharing suffers from a basic inconsistency. While a group of size n is able to coordinate on a risk-sharing outcome, it is assumed that deviating subgroups cannot. I relax this assumption and characterise the optimal contract among all coalition-proof history-dependent contracts. This alters the predictions of the standard dynamic limited commitment model. I show that the consumption of constrained agents depends on both the history of shocks and its interaction with the current income of other constrained agents. From this, I derive a formal test for the presence of endogenous group formation under limited commitment.     

Democratic Choice of an Education System: Implications for Growth and Income Distribution

We use an OLG model to examine democratic choice betweentwo modes of government support for education: subsidies forprivately purchased education and free uniform public provision.We find little conflict between democracy and growth: the samefactors that generate popular support for subsidization overfree uniform provision—large external benefits, a largeexcess burden, and little inequality—also favor its relativegrowth performance. Furthermore, restricting the franchise toan upper-income elite may also reduce growth. Two extensionsexamine the effect of intergenerational mobility and indicatethe theoretical possibility of periodic swings in the balancebetween public and private spending.     

Equilibria with Increasing Returns: Sufficient Conditions on Bounded Production Allocations

This paper deals with the existence of marginal pricing equilibrium or equilibrium with general pricing rules in an economy with increasing returns to scale or more general types of nonconvexities in production. Its main contribution is to demonstrate existence of equilibrium with bounded loss and survival assumptions required only on a bounded subset of production allocations. Furthermore, we require only a weakened form of the free‐disposal assumption and we also allow nonpositive prices.     

Building the Family Nest: Premarital Investments, Marriage Markets, and Spousal Allocations

We develop a transferable utility model of the household in which the marriage market is characterized by (negative or positive) assortative matching, and spousal allocations are determined by premarital investments. We demonstrate that all sharing rules along the assortative order support efficient outcomes both in terms of premarital investments and intra-household allocations. The efficiency of premarital choices and household allocations then enables us to show that, for each couple, the marriage market generates a unique and maritally sustainable sharing rule that is a function of the distribution of premarital endowments and the sex ratios in the market. According to our results, transfers among spouses occur on two margins: premarital investments and intra-marital spousal allocations. Asymmetries in the sex ratios in the marriage markets produce gender differences in premarital investments and consumption that are larger for individuals with small premarital endowments than those with larger endowments. A corollary of these findings is that, when men are in short supply in the marriage markets, women can invest more than men even when the returns to investment are lower or the costs are higher for women.     

Opportunity Cost for Free Allocations of Emissions Permits: An Experimental Analysis

An important feature of emissions trading is how emissions permits are allocated. The choice between an auction and free allocation should not influence firms’ production choices nor consumer prices according to economic theory. However, many parties expect the method of allocation to affect product prices. This paper describes an experimental investigation into price determination under a cap-and-trade program with different allocation methods. Participants initially display diverse pricing strategies. However, given a simple economic setting in which earnings depend on behavior, we find that subjects learn to consider the opportunity cost of permits and overall behavior moves toward the economic prediction.     

Walrasian General Equilibrium Allocations and Dynamics in Two-Sector Growth Models

This paper analyzes and solves miniature Walrasian general equilibrium systems of momentary and moving equilibria. The Walrasian framework encompasses the fundamental neoclassical and classical two‐sector growth models; the families of solutions of steady‐state and persistent growth per capita in various competitive two‐sector economies are parametrically characterized. Moreover, the endogenous behavior of relative prices and the sectoral allocation of primary factors are analyzed in detail. The technology parameters of the capital good industry are decisive for obtaining long‐run per capita growth in closed (global) economies. A review of the literature complements the theorems on the general equilibrium allocations, dynamic systems, and the time paths of Walrasian two‐sector economies.     

The Role of Market Sentiment in Asset Allocations and Stock Returns

Abstract

The authors investigate the role of mutual fund flows in incorporating market sentiment into asset prices. They show that retail investors adjust their investments among mutual fund categories in response to changes in market sentiment. Consistent with sentiment-induced price pressure through fund flows, they further find that firms favored by mutual funds, such as large-cap, dividend payers, and firms with high institutional ownership are sensitive to market sentiment. The authors construct a pricing factor representing sentiment risk and find that the sentiment factor is significant in standard asset pricing models and robust to various sorting procedure.     

企业内部资本配置和金融体系二分法

从投融资实践看,企业内部存在一个活跃的资本市场;企业内部资本配置是区别于外部资本市场运作的资本配置机制。企业管理者运用内部资金实施投资项目的同时也就实施了一定的融资功能,因而企业组织本身就是金融体系的重要组成部分。传统的直接融资—间接融资或银行主导型—资本市场主导型二分法不足以刻画和概括金融体系的特征,新二分法"外部资本市场—企业内部资本市场"是对传统研究视角的有益补充。     

中国传统村落空间分布特征与影响因素分析

村落是乡村振兴战略实施的载体,认知传统村落空间分布及其影响因素对传统村落的传承和发展有重要价值。以中国传统村落为对象,采用核密度方法识别核心和次核心;构建"格网分析—空间自相关—地理加权回归"的影响因素研究方法,并进行实践分析。发现:①在地理格局上,传统村落主要分布在"胡焕庸线"以东、第二和第三级阶梯、年均降水量400 mm以上的区域、亚热带季风气候区和温带季风气候区;从行政区划来看,部分省份、地级市的交界地带为传统村落的密度核心。②GWR结果显示,对于地形因素,第二阶梯海拔越低、第三阶梯海拔越高传统村落越集中;对于生态因素,在农产品主产区或生态环境保护区,既出现生态环境越好传统村落越密集特征,也出现生态环境越好传统村落越分散特征;对于人口因素,"胡焕庸线"以西的大部分地区人口越密集传统村落越集中,而该线以东区域则相反;对于经济因素,中西部大部分经济发展水平较低的区域传统村落趋于聚集,东部地区经济水平总体较高传统村落趋于分散;交通和城市因素在不同区域对传统村落空间分布亦存在两面性特征。总体看,各地理要素的回归系数存在正负值、正负值比重差异以及高低值空间差异,反映各要素对传统村落空间分布...     

关于技术和管理要素参与收益分配的问题研究

本文阐述了西方主要的分配理论、国内技术和管理要素参与收益分配的研究情况。重点分析了当前技术、管理要素参与收益分配中存在的问题,即：管理要素与一般劳动要素相比,其收益分配差距过大;管理要素在收益分配上有先于技术要素的决定权;管理要素在收益分配中承担风险不够;技术要素的收益与风险不对等;年薪制、股权激励实施不力等内容。提出了加快技术、管理要素市场化建设;加大税收制度改革力度等对策。     

The Proposals for a European Tax on CO2 and Their Implications for Intercountry Distribution

This paper analyzes the advantages andimplications of the implementation of aEuropean tax on carbon dioxide emissions as anown resource of the EU and it focuses on itseffects on intercountry distribution. Incontrast to a harmonized tax, which would onlyhave distributive effects within each memberstate, a tax collected at European scale wouldalso have important distributive effects amongdifferent countries. These effects would alsodepend on the use of tax revenues. The paperinvestigates through a simple empiricalanalysis the distributive effects among themember states of three tax models: a pureCO₂ model; a 50%/50% energy-CO₂model and a CO₂ model with a burden onnuclear power.     

中国财产性生产要素总量与结构的分析

本文从使用形态和所有者权益两个角度估算出了中国的资本总额及资本的使用结构和所有权结构 ,指出了中国目前对财产性生产要素及要素收入的核算中存在的缺陷 ,并进而考察了资本的收益率和资本收入的流向 ,从而说明了财产性生产要素在中国的配置状况及对国民收入分配的影响。     

我国区域创新能力分布和影响因素的空间分析

研究了1998—2007年我国31个省、直辖市和自治区的自然科学基金申请数与其影响因素的关系;考虑到区域变量间存在空间相关性,采用普通面板模型与空间面板模型进行实证研究,得出我国科技创新水平的分布规律特征及其影响因素。研究结果显示,东部地区的科技创新水平明显高于中、西部地区。提出落后地区政府应加大本地区对科研资金和人力的投入,改善科技创新水平发展不平衡的状态。     

新自由主义与国家空间:反思与启示

2008年以来的全球金融危机将世界政治经济环境推向所谓的后新自由主义时代。文章首先回顾新自由主义的起源,以及不同政治地理背景下的新自由主义在发展与演变过程中的异同。其后,文章介绍学术界对新自由主义思潮获致的三点共识:其一,民族国家的意义并没有因为新自由主义而消亡;其二,理解政府在经济发展中的角色对于理解新自由主义至关重要;其三,新自由主义的发展因地而异。新自由主义思潮在全球扩散的同时塑造新的国家空间。新国家空间有三个特点:尺度重组、柔性边界与扁平化。研究指出,不论新自由主义是否终结,其局限性已经凸显,因此有必要跳出新自由主义的思维模式,思考如何在新自由主义创造的所谓新国家空间中,重塑政府监管,思考各国发展经济的全球责任,并思考创造社会空间再分配模式的可持续性等问题。     

农业劳动生产率增长分布演进的影响因素分析

深入分析农业劳动生产率增长分布演进的影响因素,对于促进农民农业收入的持续增长有着重要意义。本文利用2006-2010年浙江农户微观面板数据,基于随机前沿模型,将农业劳动生产率增长分解为5个因素的变化,采用反事实分析法,比较分析农业劳动生产率虚拟分布与真实分布的差异,进而判断各因素对农业劳动生产率增长分布演进的影响。结果表明：劳均农业物质费用投入和技术效率是农业劳动生产率增长分布位置与形态演进的主要原因,前沿技术则主要影响农业劳动生产率增长分布形态的演进,而劳均土地面积和农业劳动力数量对农业劳动生产率增长分布演进的作用较小。