从比较优势到动态比较优势——兼论比较优势理论应用于发展中国家的缺陷

本文首先分析了我国劳动力比较优势的现状,然后从探讨传统的静态比较优势理论应用于发展中国家的缺陷出发,通过阐明产业结构和比较优势演变的一般规律,分析后发国家依靠塑造动态比较优势赶超发达国家的实践经验,并就我国比较优势的动态转变提出了政策建议。     

比较优势与竞争优势

用来指导对外贸易的比较优势理论与竞争优势理论是内在统一的 ,试图通过推行产业政策扭曲资源禀赋的比较优势 ,发展高新技术产业以获得更多的贸易利益 ,结果往往是事与愿违。在制定对外贸易战略时 ,应坚持以比较优势理论为出发点 ,发展“适当的技术”。     

相对优势论取代绝对优势论的悖论

本文在阐述了相对优势论对绝对优势论的取代及其逻辑之后,分析了该逻辑的不合理性,以及区域经济一体化对该逻辑的修改,并分析了两种学说在未来可能的优劣变化趋势。     

Endogenous Comparative Advantage*

We develop a model of trade between identical countries. Workers endogenously acquire skills that are imperfectly observed by firms; therefore, firms use aggregate country investment as the prior when evaluating workers. This creates an informational externality interacting with general equilibrium effects on each country's skill premium. Asymmetric equilibria with comparative advantages exist even when there is a unique equilibrium under autarky. Symmetric, no‐trade equilibria can be unstable under free trade. Welfare effects are ambiguous: trade can be Pareto‐improving even if it leads to an equilibrium between rich and poor countries, with no special advantage regarding country size.     

从比较优势到知识产权优势为主导的竞争优势——论我国外贸发展的战略转变

内容改革开放以来,我国按照比较优势理论发展对外贸易,对外贸易得到了迅速的发展。目前,我国已成为世界上第三大对外贸易国。但是,近年来我国对外贸易的环境正在不断恶化。为了最大限度地获取贸易发展带来的利益,防止陷入“比较优势陷阱”,我国必须及时调整对外贸易战略,将比较优势转化为竞争优势。而这种转化是否成功,关键取决于我国能否建立起自主的知识产权优势。     

Comparative Advantage and Heterogeneous Firms

This paper examines how country, industry, and firm characteristics interact in general equilibrium to determine nations' responses to trade liberalization. When firms possess heterogeneous productivity, countries differ in relative factor abundance, and industries vary in factor intensity, falling trade costs induce reallocations of resources both within and across industries and countries. These reallocations generate substantial job turnover in all sectors, spur relatively more creative destruction in comparative advantage industries than in comparative disadvantage industries, and magnify ex ante comparative advantage to create additional welfare gains from trade. The improvements in aggregate productivity as countries liberalize dampen and can even reverse the real-wage losses of scarce factors.     

Footloose Capital and Comparative Advantage

We investigate the effect of country size differentials and Ricardian technology differences on firms’ location decisions using a two‐country, two‐good (homogeneous agricultural good and differentiated manufacturing products), two‐factor (labour and footloose capital) simple new economic geography model. We found that manufacturing firms may agglomerate in a country where the manufacturing sector has a comparative disadvantage. In addition, when country size differentials and Ricardian technology differences exist between two countries, the key factor influencing firms’ location decisions changes according to the level of trade liberalization, from being market size‐dependent to becoming technology‐dependent.     

基于比较优势 构筑竞争优势——WTO背景下江苏提升综合竞争力的探讨

在我国加入WTO背景下,江苏只有选择“立足比较优势、创造竞争优势、提升综合竞争力”的积极应对战略,方能在新一轮竞争中掌握主动、率先发展。提高技术转换能力是提升竞争力的主旨,提高企业竞争力是提升整体竞争力的核心,并通过结构调整和环境优化,最大限度地将江苏现实优势转化为竞争优势,同时努力促进劣势转化为优势,在经济全球化进程中争取收益最大化。     

比较优势、竞争优势与跨国公司

分工是经济学的核心问题。一个国家无论通过比较优势还是竞争优势参与国际分工,跨国公司都将在其中起核心作用。本文从分析关于日本式对外直接投资与美国式对外直接投资差异的争论入手,揭示出跨国公司与国际直接投资是当代国际分工的重要表现形式,直接投资对当代国际分工比贸易更重要。无论后发阶段国家的比较优势还是发达国家的竞争优势都需要借助跨国公司的直接投资去实现。因为贸易的实质是通过商品流动来间接改善世界资源     

论自然资源优势的提升:从比较优势到后发优势

文章阐释了自然资源的开发和利用效率以及发展模式的选择,指出后进国家所拥有的自然资源型后发优势并非自然资源丰富的优势;分析了"资源诅咒"产生的原因,针对如何摆脱"资源诅咒",指出了有效发挥自然资源后发优势的途径.     

比较优势、后发优势与中国新型工业化道路

比较优势、后发优势是发展中国家两种最主要的优势,由于两种优势在经济发展中的相互依存性,发展中国家应该执行比较优势、后发优势并重的发展战略。在经济全球化、信息化的背景下,我国新型工业化道路是指能够充分发挥出我国比较优势、后发优势的工业化道路,其本质内涵也由此决定。     

再论比较优势、绝对优势与DFS模型

DFS模型是研究两国(多国)多产品条件下如何确定比较优势的经典模型.本文从DFS模型所包含的比较优势思想入手,分析了比较优势理论在运用中面对的"两难困境",对比较优势与绝对优势之间的关系做了进一步的辨析和探讨.     

How Robust is Comparative Advantage?

This paper reviews the theoretical development of the concept of comparative advantage, starting with the two‐good model of Ricardo and the two‐good extension and reinterpretation by Haberler. In both, the presence of comparative advantage provides the scope for countries to gain from trade by specializing, and the pattern of that trade is explained by the pattern of comparative advantage. These strong results of the two‐good model can be extended under certain circumstances to multiple goods and countries, but under more general assumptions such strong results no longer are assured. Instead one can derive much weaker results, usually in the form of correlations between comparative advantage and trade, and these weaker results hold in a much wider variety of circumstances. The paper examines those assumptions that permit such generalizations, but then also examines when those assumptions are most likely to fail, and what happens as a result.     

Sustained Comparative Advantage and Semi-Endogenous Growth

This paper constructs a two-country (Home and Foreign) general-equilibrium model of Schumpeterian growth without scale effects. The scale effects property is removed by introducing a distinct specification in the knowledge production function which generates semi-endogenous growth. In this model of semi-endogenous growth, an increase in the rate of population growth rate raises Home's relative wage and lowers its range of goods exported to Foreign. An increase in the size of innovations increases Home's relative wage but with an ambiguous effect on its comparative advantage. The model generates a unique steady-state equilibrium in which there is complete specialization in both goods and R&D production within each country.     

Ricardian Comparative Advantage and Geographical Concentration

This paper analyses geographical concentration using the continuum‐of‐goods trade model in the presence of labor migration, Ricardian comparative advantage and Marshallian‐type external increasing returns to scale. The findings show that higher transportation costs lead to concentration in one region, and lower transportation costs lead to diversification between the regions. For intermediate transportation costs, asymmetric diversification becomes a stable equilibrium in which the smaller population region has higher wage rates and a smaller externality, and vice versa. However, because the asymmetric equilibrium is an inefficient outcome, it leaves room for government intervention.     

Labor Markets and Kaleidoscopic Comparative Advantage

Capturing the notion of kaleidoscopic comparative advantage ( Bhagwati, 1998 ), we show that international trade increases the volatility of profitability. In this framework, we address the labor market implications of an increase in openness, when insurance and credit markets are imperfect. With kaleidoscopic comparative advantage, trade raises the likelihood of firm shutdown and worker displacement, which, in equilibrium, affects wage contracts. In a simple model, we analyze the consequences for wage levels, earnings volatility, job instability, and income distribution, of the openness of previously nontraded industries to international trade.     

论个性经济和比较优势

个性经济乃迄今为止最为重要的经济形态、经济运行机制,要求使用高端的运营手段。个性经济对于解决我国当前经济难题、促进整个社会可持续发展具有重要意义。中国许多企业、城市拥有独特个性,充分挖掘并发挥出来,相信能取得飞跃性发展。这方面已经有不少成功实例,说明个性正是比较优势的源泉。发展个性经济、获得比较利益的基本路径,就是充分张扬生产者、消费者个性,对各种运营对象进行个性化处理、制作和创造,使商品每个细胞都饱含独特元素,每个细节都体现出商品个性,尤其是文化个性。     

动态比较优势与政策干预

在产品价值链全球化过程中,各国生产技术、要素禀赋结构和产业发展环境等方面的差异造成了各国比较优势产品结构的不同,而比较优势产品处于低端的国家获得较少的贸易利益。为了提高对外贸易利益,以低端产品为比较优势的国家应不断提升比较优势产品附加值水平,转变比较优势结构。比较优势结构的变动内生于技术进步和要素禀赋结构的转变,所以应通过加强边干边学、技术创新和对技术扩散的吸收促进技术进步;通过促进资本积累转变要素禀赋结构,特别应注重教育与职业培训,提高人力资本水平和技术创新能力。同时,政府对当前并不具有比较优势但附加值较高的产业进行政策支持,则能够使动态比较优势结构发生逆转,有效促进比较优势产品向高端过渡。     

浅谈比较优势理论在中国的应用困境

在经济全球化和知识经济迅速发展的环境下,比较优势理论及其政策实践受到了重大挑战.论文在分析比较优势理论缺陷的基础上,提出了该理论在当代中国的应用困境.