城乡劳动力就业差异研究——基于非正规就业视角

本文利用2002年全国城镇居民家庭收入和农村进入城市暂住户两份调查数据对非正规就业群体和正规就业群体间的就业差异进行了考查。结果显示：与正规就业群体相比,非正规就业群体获得白领的概率下降了15.67个百分点,这些差异中市场结构因素可以解释的部分达到了100.45%。与此同时,如果非正规就业群体与正规就业群体面临着相同的就业结构,非正规就业者从事白领工作的概率会上升8.85%。     

上海市的收入差距：基于泰尔指数分解的分析

收入差距目前已经成为上海市不得不着力解决的重大问题之一。基于家庭层面的调研数据，本文发现，2005年上海市的基尼系数（0．414）已经超过了国际公认的警戒线（0．4），工资性收入和消费支出的基尼系数同样反映了本市收入差距较大的现状。泰尔指数分解可将总的收入差距直接分解为组间和组内的差距；本文的分解结果显示，有别于全国的情形，上海市的地区间收入差距并不重要，同样不重要的是城乡差距。因而，相对于平衡地区和城乡发展的政策，上海更应将控制收入差距的重心放在特定家庭和人群上，特别是男性群体之间的差距。此外，单纯的户籍因素对于调控收入差距并不重要。     

收入差距的地区分解

本文首先回顾了按地区对收入差距进行分解的方法及其应用，进而得出了一些新的结论，这些结论有着广泛的应用前景。文章最后对来自许多国家的经验证据进行了检验。     

人力资本、社会资本与流动人口就业收入 —基于流动人口正规就业与非正规就业的比较分析

文章通过建立OLS回归方程以及Oaxaca—Blinder的分解方法,实证分析了人力资本、社会资本与我国流动人口就业收入的关系,研究发现：人力资本对流动人口正规就业收入有明显影响而对非正规就业收入影响很小,社会资本是影响流动人口非正规就业收入的主要因素但对正规就业收入影响不大。 Oaxaca—Blinder 的分解表明：流动人口非正规就业者和正规就业者收入差距的50.69％归结于流动人口内部特征上的差异,受教育程度差异是造成其工资收入差异的主要原因。     

城镇居民收入差距的形成与趋势

对我国城镇居民收入差距形成的分析表明,第一产业增加值、失业率等是影响我国城镇居民收入的显著因素。并且,从这些因素的变动趋势判断,我国城镇居民收入差距仍将会进一步扩大。因此,扩大就业渠道、大力普及教育、深化分配制度、完善社会保障体系等是控制我国城镇居民收入差距扩大的有效措施。     

工资差距分解方法之述评

工资差距分解方法是一种非常重要的实证研究方法.本文对文献中出现的多种工资差距分解方法进行了系统的梳理,不仅讨论了各种方法的缺陷和使用范围,还说明了新方法和老方法之间的传承关系,以及新方法对老方法所做出的改进.本文涉及的分解方法有Oaxaca分解、Cotton分解、Neumark分解、Brown分解、Appleton分解和分位数分解等等.     

统筹城乡就业缩小城乡居民收入差距

一、当前城乡居民收入差距的现状 近年来内蒙古低收入群体的收入增长相对缓慢，最直接的原因就是下岗失业人员在不断增加。一方面低收入家庭的收入水平下降，是因其家庭主要成员长时间下岗或失业造成的。另一方面，农民收入低下，成了最大的低收入群体，这无疑与我区广大农牧民长期“就业不充分”密切相关。失业问题突出，     

中国高货币化——基于收入分配差距的实证分析

近年来,我国的M2/GDP过高且逐年成上升趋势,国内学者从不同角度进行了分析.本文在借鉴以往分析的基础上,从收入分配差距加大这一角度出发运用相关数据(基尼系数)作出实证分析,证实了收入分配差距加大使我国的M2/GDP增大.     

产业结构变动、收入来源结构差异与城乡收入差距

城乡收入差距是我国经济快速发展中遇到的突出问题之一.本文在对以往相关文献梳理的基础上,采集了1993-2012年间的相关数据,运用协整模型实证研究了产业结构变动、收入来源结构差异与城乡收入差距的长期均衡关系.研究发现：（1）第二产业占GDP比值长期来看会缩小城乡收入差距;（2）城乡居民工资性收入差异、城乡居民经营性收入差异和城乡居民转移性收入差异对城乡收入差距影响显著;（3）城乡财产性收入差异对城乡收入差距影响不显著.最后结合实证研究结果提出了缩小城乡差距的政策建议.     

中国收入差距转折点的讨论与述评

中国收入差距的转折点是否到来,在目前收入分配领域的争论日趋激烈。本文对当前收入分配领域的研究争论进行总结评述,结合当前经济社会发展阶段性特征对收入分配改革进行讨论。研究认为,中国已经具备了市场机制条件下收入差距转折点的基本条件,即将进入到收入差距缩小阶段,但是,非市场机制和全球化成为转折点到来的不确定因素。中国收入分配改革应该首先明确经济发展与收入差距变化所处的阶段性特征,改革重点是初次分配领域,关键是消除非市场机制对收入分配影响,再分配制度已经具备条件,但不应该作为首要目标或手段。     

The Wage Gap between Men and Women in Botswana's Formal Labour Market

This study looks at the wage gap between men and women in Botswana'sformal sector labour market. The wage gap is decomposed usingOaxaca's decomposition methodology. This method breaks downearnings differences into two parts: one part is due to differencesin characteristics between men and women, while the other partis due to differences in rewards to those characteristics inthe labour market. The latter has often been interpreted asa measure of the extent of the discrimination against women.The results of the decomposition exercise shows that there isrelatively less discrimination in the public sector, while inthe private sector discrimination against women is a major factorexplaining the differences in their earnings.     

Rank, income and income inequality in urban China

While some workers in China attain senior professional level and senior cadre level status (Chuzhang and above), others attain middle rank including middle rank of professional and cadre (Kezhang). This aspect of the Chinese labour force has attracted surprisingly little attention in the literature, a fact which this paper aims to rectify. We define various segments of the urban population in work-active ages and use data from the Chinese Income Project (CHIP) covering eastern, central and western China for 1995 and 2002. For 2002, persons of high rank make up 3% and persons of middle rank make up 14% of persons in work-active ages.Factors that affect a person's likelihood of having high or middle rank are investigated by estimating a multinomial probit model. We find that education, age and gender strongly affect the probability of being employed as a worker of high rank. There is relatively little income inequality among workers of high rank as well as among workers of middle rank. Mean income and household wealth per capita of highly-ranked workers developed more favorably than for other segments of the population studied, and personal income is more polarized by segment in 2002 than in 1995. Workers of high rank, and to a lesser degree, workers of middle rank, are among the winners in economic terms while the increasingly large category of non-workers is the losers. Rates of return to education have increased but income function analysis indicates that this provides only a partial explanation for the increased favorable income situation for workers of high and middle ranks.     

中国城镇农民工群体非正规就业的体面劳动实证研究

国际劳工组织提出体面劳动的目的是实现劳动者充分的劳动权、就业平等权、社会保障权和社会对话权等方面的劳动权益保障,建立稳定的劳动关系,构建和谐社会。文章主要通过问卷调查方式,对城镇农民工群体非正规就业的体面劳动的目标进行三级分类并作了实证调研,文章分析了调研结果产生的原因,探索如何实现城镇农民工非正规就业的体面劳动的对策思考。     

Top incomes in China: Data collection and the impact on income inequality

Using data on top incomes collected from different sources, we combine the samples of top incomes with a household survey (HS) to investigate changes in income distribution with and without top incomes. The Gini coefficient of income inequality using HS data is 0.464 for 2016 and jumps to 0.646 after including the samples of top incomes, which demonstrates the importance of top incomes in estimating income inequality.     

我国城乡义务教育的差距分析与对策思考

城乡义务教育均衡发展是落实科学发展观、缩小城乡公共产品供给差距的客观要求。文章分析了我国城乡义务教育的主要差距及其成因，从加大财政投入、完善农村义务教育管理体制、建立城乡义务教育资源互动与共享的运行机制等几个方面提出促进城乡义务教育均衡发展的对策。     

Informal employment and its effect on the income distribution in urban China

This paper discusses the issue of informal employment and its effect on the income distribution in China using datasets from the China Urban Labour Surveys of 2005 and 2010. Based on a new definition of informal employment, we estimated the proportion of informal employment relative to total non-agricultural employment in urban China and found it to be 49.7% in 2005 and 40.3% in 2010. Meanwhile, our study illustrated that informal employees' earnings were 67% that of formal employees, and this large earnings gap raised the Gini coefficient to 0.42 in 2005. The Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition result shows that the earnings gap explains more than half of the overall personal income inequality in urban China. These results indicate that informal employment has a significant effect on the income distribution in urban China. Consequently, regulating the labour market, eliminating job discriminations and legislating the informal employment should be considered as alternative means of reducing inequality in China.     

Migration,population aging,and income inequality in China

In this study, we examine the effects of four demographic factors, namely, birth, death, natural aging, and net migration, on population aging and income inequality in China. We use the official Chinese data and the China Household Income Project Survey data for the 2007–2013 period and apply a decomposition model based on the Shapley method. Unlike previous studies, we include migration in our decomposition model and find that natural aging is the primary factor contributing to population aging in both urban and rural areas. Further, migration may accelerate population aging in rural areas. Moreover, migration contributes to reducing income inequality in urban areas, while widening income inequality in rural areas. The effect of migration is larger than those of birth, death, and natural aging on income inequality. The robustness checks confirm these conclusions.     

Household appliance ownership and income inequality: Evidence from micro data in China

As the residential sector is becoming increasingly important in the total energy consumption and appliance ownership is a significant but under-examined driver, this study investigates the relationship between income inequality and appliance ownership using panel data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). We find that income inequality has negative impacts on appliance penetration rate across specifications, except for the initial development stage. On average, households start adopting air conditioners at a threshold of over 60,000 (2011 RMB) based on annual income, much higher than TV, fridge and washer (8500–9000 RMB). The empirical results validate the S-shape curve of appliance established in the literature. To understand the magnitude of the impact and policy implications, we further simulate the impact of poverty alleviation and the penetration paths under inclusive versus exclusive income growth. Our results demonstrate that current poverty line is too low to achieve appliance adoption – a signal for modern life-styles. In addition, a more inclusive growth path could lead to much higher penetration for regions that have relatively low growth rate.     

Trade openness and income inequality in China and the SAARC Region

The paper empirically examines the effects of trade liberalisation on income inequality in China and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation countries. Panel data analysis is conducted for the period of 1973 to 2012. The results show that liberal trade policies have increased income inequality in these countries. These results are robust to alternative liberalisation measures. The control variables used have differing effects on income distribution. Per capita income has an increasing effect on income inequality, while education, financial development, financial openness, democracy, and government size are shown to reduce income inequality. These outcomes can be expected to have important policy implications for the use of trade liberalisation in these countries.