兴凯湖自然保护区的鸟类资源

兴凯湖自然保护区的鸟类有１６个目３９科１８０种．其中夏候鸟１２０种．占６６．７％、留鸟３５种．占１９．４％。从生态类型上分．水鸟６５种．占３６．１％；非水鸟１１５种．占６３．９％．从分类上分．雀形目鸟类７３种．占４０．６％；雁形目鸟类２５种、占１３．９％；集形目鸟类１７种．占９．４％；其余各国１８种、占１０．０％。从保护级别上分．中、日两国政府保护候鸟种类为１００种、占该协定种数的４８．５％，国家二级保护种类３０种．一级保护种类有丹顶鹤、东方白鹤、金雕、白尾海雕等４种。黑颈、红胸鸬鹚、黄嘴白鹭、红头鹚潜鸭、斑背潜鸭、红胸田鸡等６种为本省长白山亚区新分布记录．大天鹅、白枕鹤为新分布区记录。     

黑龙江省森工林区的鹿类资源

黑龙江省森林工业总局所属40个林业局、分布在小兴安岭、张广才岭、老爷岭和完达山林区、北部与孙吴、逊克、嘉荫县相连．东部以乌苏里江与俄罗斯为界、西部与松嫩平原市县接壤．南部与吉林省相邻。据1991年统计、全省森工林区总面积为100398hm'．其中有林地面积为67747073hm2。全区共有兽类6目19科76种．占全省兽类的89．4％；鸟类18目50科311种、占全省鸟类的gi．4％。随着森林大面积采伐、野生动物栖息地不断缩小、致使本区野生动物种群数量大幅度减少笔者从1988年10月至1991年门月、参加了全省森工国有林区40个林业局的野生动物调查工作…     

大兴安岭寒温带野生动物物种多样性现状与保护对策

1993～1995年,笔者在大兴安岭寒温带地区,对野生动物动种现状进行了调查、探讨我国寒温带地区野生动物生物多样性保护。1生动物物种现状1．1区系组成及其特点1．1．1鸟类寒温带森林生态系统中鸟类区系较丰富．隶属于16目,41科,241种另16亚种、与小兴安岭189种及亚种比较,多68种及亚种。从鸟类区系组成看,古北种占优势,有205种及亚种．占80％,广布种为52种及亚种占20％,因而构成该区鸟类区系具有典型的古北界特征。非雀形目鸟类有131种及亚种,占总数51％,雀形目鸟类有126种及亚种,占总数的49％。这与南方省份鸟类两大类群比例相…     

黑龙江省兽类资源现状及动态分析

鸟类和兽类是黑龙江省两大类主要的野生动物资源。本文仅就我省具有代表胜的兽类资源状况作一分析。l种类资源分析全省兽类计有6目19科幻种、占全国种类门．l％,小型食肉兽与啮齿类占较大比例。两者之和占全省种类数之54％（食肉兽22种、啮齿类25种）。若用资源相对指数评价、则K一VM－－一式中：K为资源相对指数;a为本区种类数占本区种类总数百分比;b为本区种类数占全国此类种类总数百分比。以科统计（表1）．食肉目的融科以及啮齿目的仓鼠科位居全省19科之前歹u,但变化较大的是以目统计名次扫院后部的偶蹄巳其中鹿科居然共陕靠前的…     

牡丹江海浪机场鸟类资源调查及鸟撞防范对策

为了更好地获得牡丹江海浪机场鸟撞防范工作所需的鸟类基础性资料,为鸟撞预防工作提供科学依据,从2006年5月至2009年7月对海浪机场中心点周边4km范围内5种生境的鸟类资源现状进行了调查与监测,记录到鸟类102种,属14目33科,其中旅鸟12种,留鸟28种,夏候鸟59种,冬候鸟3种。分别占总数11.8%、27.5%、57.8%、和2.9%。在居留型上,主要以夏候鸟为主。在区系组成上,古北种60种,占58.8%,东洋种5种,占4.9%,广布种37种,占36.3%。以古北种为主。在本地繁殖鸟32种,机场周边鸟类平均密度1.0124只/km2。其中鸟类丰富度指数1.969,均匀度指数0.837,Shannon-Wiener指数3.246。在所调查的鸟类中雀形目鸟类最多,15科55种。     

广西木伦喀斯特林区昆虫资源的研究

木伦喀斯特林区已定名的昆虫计有21目123科408种。其中．鳞翅目、直翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目、膜翅目、同翅目和双翅目约占总数的91．02％。昆虫区系结构以东洋种为主．占66．47％、占北种、广布种和地方特有种分别占2.53％、27．89％和3．09％。蝗虫类、蝽象类和蝴蝶类是林区昆虫垂直分布的代表性类群。该文还对该林区不同生态环境下的昆虫分布特点和经济昆虫的利用前景进行了分析。     

宁安小北湖国家级森林公园的鸟类资源与保护措施

1999～200年对宁安小北湖鸟类资源进行了调查，共记录有鸟类152种，隶属15目38科，其中古北界鸟类11种，广布种鸟类41种，在区系上表现出以古北界鸟类为主。留鸟、夏候鸟、旅鸟、冬候鸟分别为32，102，12，6种，各占鸟类总数的21.05%，67.11%，7.89%，3.95%，在居留型上主要以夏候鸟为主，其中中华秋沙鸭、鸳鸯、金雕等21种为国家I，Ⅱ级保护动物，列入中国濒危物种红皮书的有7种。     

山东省保护鸟类资源现状及保护对策

山东省现有国家重点保护鸟类５５种,隶属７目１０科,其中属国家一级保护种有白鹳、黑鹳、白、白尾海雕、金雕、灰鹤、丹顶鹤、白枕鹤、白头鹤、白鹤、蓑忌鹤共１２种;属国家二级保护鸟类有４３种;对我省这些鸟类的分布,居留情况和濒危现状做了报道,并提出了保护对策。     

长吻鮠的生物学特性及人工繁养技术

长吻鮠，俗称鮠鱼、江团、肥沱等．是我国特有的名贵经济鱼类之一。属鲇形目、鮠科、能属，分布于长江干支流和大型通江湖泊中。长吻鮠具有肉质细嫩、无肌间刺、味道鲜美、营养丰富等诸多优点，肌肉中富含各种人体必需氨基酸，脂肪和含肉量占体重的87％左右，常吃长吻鮠能够补血、调中、益阳。长吻鮠的鳔特别肥厚，约占体重的5％，新鲜时为银白色，可干制成名贵的鱼肚，是为闻名中外的名菜。     

黑龙江省地衣、苔鲜植物的区系研究

初步查明黑龙江省有地衣160种、苔类131种、薛类1288种。泛北极成分占全省地衣、苔藓种数的54．4％；东亚温带成分占20．0％；广泛分布成分占17．61％；世界分布成分和热带成分均占2.42％；特有成分占2.25％。反映出区系组成的混杂性。地衣、苔薛植物的地域分布,大兴安岭315种．东部山区539种．松嫩平原48种、三江平原地区438种。     

汤旺河林区兽类资源现状

据调查，汤旺河林区现分布的兽类动物6目16科48种，其中国家一级保护动物2种。国家二级保护动物9种，兽类种群数量和种群密度以黄鼬最多，松鼠次之。     

达赉湖自然保护区湿地生物生境保护

达赉湖自然保护区保存了最完整的湿地生态系统和野生生物特有的遗传性,是我国重要的天然基因库之一;该区具有高等植物649种,隶属于71科,脊椎动物共有357种,隶属于64科,其中国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类7种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类42种,国家Ⅱ级保护哺乳类2种;自然条件和人为干扰导致的湿地污染以及对生物的驱逐效应的不断加剧,使该区生物面临着巨大的危险;从湿地生境安全保护的角度,提出了维持达赉湖自然保护区湿地生物多样性及其安全栖息生境的保护对策。     

小兴安岭伊春林区蕨类植物资源及保护

基于《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)》及《黑龙江省植物检索表》,对小兴安岭伊春林区蕨类植物资源进行了统计与分析;有蕨类植物14科20属40种(包括变种),其中蕨类经济植物10科11属15种;提出4条保护措施。     

2003年兴凯湖鸟类调查报告

2003年春在黑龙江兴凯湖自然保护区发现鸟类14目28科85种共35000只,其中有18种为保护区新记录。     

The politics of swidden: A case study from Nghe An and Son La in Vietnam

Swidden cultivation practices have been seen as a major driver of deforestation and forest degradation in Southeast Asia. Using two case studies from Vietnam, this paper examines discourses around swidden practices at multiple levels of governance. Our findings show diverse interpretations of swidden resulting in different policy preferences and policy translations when addressing the issue. At national level, swidden is blamed as a principal driver of deforestation and forest degradation, and as such is a practice to be eliminated. As a result of this national stance, provincial level authorities see the existence of swidden as a failure by which their political performance will be judged. Conversely, swidden communities are seen at district level as an innovative solution to help resource-limited police forces ensure national security in border areas. Local commune and village leaders view swidden as a traditional practice to be respected, so as to maintain harmonious relationships amongst social groups, and avoid ethnic groups protesting against the government. Such differences in discourses and political interests have led to swidden becoming an ‘invisible’ issue, with government authorities failing to collect and report on data. Not recognizing swidden also means that swidden actors are practically ‘forgotten’ in the design and implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES). Their omission from forest conservation and management incentive programmes could lead to further social marginalization, and potentially result in deforestation and forest degradation in the area. Our findings suggest that REDD+ policies should take into account diverging political interests on controversial land uses such as swidden cultivation.     

试论天然林资源的经济学特性及实施天保工程的经济效益

天然林资源是经济物品,而非自由物品;天然林资源具有既可以提供公共物品又可以提供私人物品的两重性;提供公共物品的天然林资源是一种缺乏需求弹性的商品。比较实施天然林保护工程与否得出结论:从长期来看,实施天然林保护工程有利于国民经济的总体长远发展,对林区经济实现可持续发展是必不可少的。     

Benefit distribution across scales to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) in Vietnam

At very high policy levels, efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) are considered to be innovative and cost-effective ways to make forest more valuable standing than cut. In response to climate change, international funding to support reductions in emissions needs to balance conservation and development. The Government of Vietnam is currently coordinating the design of a comprehensive benefit-distribution system, with the ambition to convert certified net emissions reductions into REDD+ revenue and distribute it to local partners in a transparent, equitable and cost-effective manner. A pilot scheme is underway in Bac Kan province. With forest cover of 56.6% and a poverty rate of 36.6%, Bac Kan is among the most heavily forested and poorest provinces of Vietnam, making it a potential site for pioneering REDD+ schemes in the country.Research questions were how to incorporate international, national and local stakeholders’ investments into any distribution scheme; and how to sustain and manage an efficient, effective and equitable funding scheme for environmental services, including REDD+ revenues. Multiple data collection and analytical methods (including participatory approaches) were used to answer both research questions. Additionally, for the second question, we employed cost-benefit, opportunity cost and economic analyses.Three key concepts formed the research frame for this paper: (1) benefit-distribution systems; (2) reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus conservation (REDD+); and (3) the broader concept of payments or rewards for ecosystem services; as well as lessons learned from existing, similar schemes.This results shows that an appropriate benefit-sharing system for REDD+ revenues can be developed in such a way that meets international regulations as well as national and sub-national circumstances, particularly for the environmental services’ providers who directly protect forests. Vietnam's payments for forest environmental services’ and integrated conservation schemes (where conservation and rural development are integrated) serve as a base for the development of a REDD+ benefit-distribution system.We discuss ways of bundling such schemes with REDD+ ‘service’ payments and income streams from forestry and agroforestry ‘goods’ to provide short-term food-security/economic return and long-term environmental benefits. This combination is expected to provide sustainable incentives, but further effort is needed in the use of participatory methods and a ‘bottom-up’ approach to provide a strong base for an effective and equitable REDD+ mechanism at landscape level.Experience drawn from Vietnam, in general, and in Bac Kan, in particular, can be replicated and directly contribute to reducing carbon emissions globally.     

浅析玛可河林业局森林管护模式

玛可河林区是我国长江流域大渡河源头面积最大、分布最集中、海拔最高的一片天然原始林区,曾为国家经济建设生产木材68万m3。1998年启动天然林资源保护工程,天然林采伐量调减为零,通过切实可行的森林管护,有效地促进了天然林资源保护和恢复,森林资源和生态环境状况得到了明显的改善,森林覆盖率由天保工程实施前52.6%增加到59.0%,活立木蓄积从361万m3提高到460万m3,取得了显著的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益。     

老山国家级森林公园森林植被生态用水定额测算研究

森林公园承担着保护环境及生物多样性和供人们游憩的双重功能,为了使森林公园的树木保持现有的自然状态而免于破坏,同时,使森林生态系统水分平衡、改良土壤和美化环境等所需要的水量。文章研究并模拟测算国家级森林公园森林植被生态用水量定额。运用FAO-56推荐的Penman-Monteith公式进行模拟测算。测得老山国家级森林公园森林植被年最大生态用水量为44.367亿m3,最小生态用水量为26.596亿m3。认为生态用水是生态学、水文学研究的一个新领域,文章在研究过程中未能细致考虑林分特性,造成测算结果存在一定偏差,但对于国家森林公园生态用水研究领域也是一种新的探索,具有一定的参照意义。