Industry Structure Driven by Innovation

Innovation： Driving Core for Sustainable Development
China＇s chemical fiber industry, af ter rapid development of 20 years, has achieved the world＇s largest production scale and the most complete industrial chain, however, extensive development also brings the problems of structural overcapacity, development gap of some high-lech fibers to developed countries, low added value of products and few innovative brands. Faced with new situa- tion, China＇s chemical fiber industry saw the core of development- innovation.     

Innovators, Organization Structure and Management of the Innovation Process in the Securities Industry

This article examines innovation in the securities industry with the central objective of identifying factors that separate innovators from non-innovators. Akira Iwamura and Vijay Jog report results based on their survey of corporate finance vice presidents or CEO's of 43 investment houses from around the world. They conclude that innovative companies seem to be larger and have a well-defined strategy, with management defining the focus of the business. In addition, the firms have developed better communication channels, both internally and with their customers. Yet, the most significant difference that separates innovators from non-innovators is their management of the idea generation process, including concept generation and management's support. Innovators tend to approach idea generation in the following ways: they employ a variety of idea sources, both internal and external; they assign a specific person or group to be in charge of developing new ideas; they encourage employees at all levels to generate new ideas; they use a variety of innovative techniques to stimulate creativity; they reward their employees by non-monetary means; and they encourage group-level participation in evaluation decisions.     

技术创新推动中药产业结构高级化

技术创新可以提高中药产品的附加值和规模经济效益,实现集约化经营。同时,技术创新有助于提升中药产业竞争水平和产业内外部关联水平,这些变化有利于推动中药产业结构高级化。     

破坏性技术、组织创新与产业成长预测

本文对Christensen创立的破坏性创新理论进行了梳理，对其理论背景、分析框架、数学模型及实证研究进行了一个全方位的描述。破坏性创新作为目前世界主流管理理论尽管在中国受到了不应有的忽略，但相对于Porter的竞争理论，更适合于中国国情的研究。本文最后运用破坏性创新理论，对“中国制造”的未来产业成长选择之路进行了预测。     

Industry Platforms and Ecosystem Innovation

This paper brings together the recent literature on industry platforms and shows how it relates to managing innovation within and outside the firm as well as to dealing with technological and market disruptions and change over time. First, we identify distinct types of platforms. Our analysis of a wide range of industry examples suggests that there are two predominant types of platforms: internal or company‐specific platforms, and external or industry‐wide platforms. We define internal (company or product) platforms as a set of assets organized in a common structure from which a company can efficiently develop and produce a stream of derivative products. We define external (industry) platforms as products, services, or technologies that act as a foundation upon which external innovators, organized as an innovative business ecosystem, can develop their own complementary products, technologies, or services. Second, we summarize from the literature general propositions on the design, economics, and strategic management of platforms. Third, we review the case of Intel and other examples to illustrate the range of technological, strategic, and business challenges that platform leaders and their competitors face as markets and technologies evolve. Finally, we identify practices associated with effective platform leadership and avenues for future research to deepen our understanding of this important phenomenon and what firms can do to manage platform‐related competition and innovation.     

创新引领、产业升级与地区基本实现现代化

产业结构是地区现代化的重要构成要素, 通过产业结构优化升级来实现地区现代化是发达国家和地区的通常做法。 目前我国许多地区已经处于工业化的中后期阶段, 科技创新开始成为引领区域产业结构升级的基本动力。 创新引领产业升级, 当前迫切需要实现从招商引资到招才引智, 从被动利用外资企业技术溢出到主动走出去寻求技术, 从利用后发优势到采取先发战略, 从创新与创业脱节到产学研一体化, 从追求 “大而全” 到形成各具特色的区域产业网络的战略变迁。     

环境规制、技术创新与产业结构升级

本文利用我国30个省市1998～2013年的数据构建面板门槛模型,对环境规制、技术创新与产业结构升级之间的关系进行实证分析。研究结果表明：环境规制对产业结构升级的影响存在显著的环境规制程度和技术创新水平的双门槛效应,进一步分析发现产业结构升级是以技术创新为前提的,若无法有效的激励企业进行技术创新,而单纯依靠强化环境规制来实现产业结构升级是不可持续的。     

FDI、行业技术差距与企业自主创新——基于中国行业数据的经验研究

利用中国全部工业企业中37个行业的数据,实证研究了FDI对我国民族企业自主创新产生的促进作用。结果表明,随着外资进入程度的加强,内外资企业之间的竞争越激烈,越有利于民族企业创新能力的提高;且这种促进作用因行业技术差距而异;此外,政府的援助程度越强,越有利于内资企业的自主创新,且这种促进作用随着内外资企业之间技术差距的扩大而增强。     

Buyer Power and Industry Structure

This paper investigates the exercise of market power by a large buyer who emerges via growth, merger, or group purchasing. It explores the efficiency and redistributive effects of such an event when a competitive fringe of small buyers remains in the market. Terms of trade, including those for small buyers, depend on structural conditions on the supply side of the market and the nature of interactions between the newly emerged dominant buyer and suppliers. Predicted aggregate welfare effects have implications for antitrust.     

Industry Structure,Segmentation, and Quality Competition in the U.S. Hotel Industry*

We examine how quality competition affects the relationship between market size and industry structure at the product level using evidence from the U.S. hotel industry. Starting in the early 1980s, quality competition for business travelers became more based on variable and less on fixed costs, and became less scale intensive. Since then, market size increases have been met by more, but smaller, hotels in business travel destinations but continued to be met by larger hotels in personal travel destinations. Our results illustrate how the way consumers benefit from increases in market size depends on how firms compete.     

中国工业的技术创新

随着工业化的不断深化,技术创新的关键性作用日益突出。由于中国是一个发展中国家,产业转移是推动我国产业发展的强大动力。所以迄今为止,我国大多数产业的技术来源主要都是西方国家的产业技术扩散。但是,中国不能长期处于低端产业、低附加值的国际分工地位。要形成持续的竞争力和保持持续增长的空间,就必须在技术创新上有新的作为,即把产业发展的基点放在技术创新,特别是发展具有自主知识产权以至拥有核心技术的基础之上。丰富的劳动力资源是我国产业发展的一大优势,但对技术进步而言则是一个影响比较复杂的因素。中国产业技术的选择不能不反映劳动力丰富这一重要的资源禀赋条件,又不能使巨大的劳动力就业压力成为抑制中国产业技术进步的消极因素,影响中国产业顺应世界产业技术发展的基本线路,实现向高层次、高技术价值链的推进和升级。这是中国产业技术创新过程中的一个具有重大战略意义的问题。在传统计划经济体制下,推动我国产业技术进步的主体是政府。改革开放以来,企业在技术创新和技术进步过程中的作用逐步增强。这不仅表现为自20世纪90年代中期以来,我国的R&D支出持续增长,而且表现为企业逐步成为技术创新的主体。中国工业以至中国经济未来的发展前途将越来越依赖于技术创新,以技术创新推动工业     

New Product Strategy, Structure, Process, and Performance in the Telecommunications Industry

A continuous flow of new products is the lifeblood for firms that hope to remain competitive in high-technology industries such as telecommunications. Faced with rapidly shrinking product life cycles, these firms must aggressively pursue the quest for more effective new product development (NPD). Ongoing success in such industries is dependent on choosing the right mix of new product strategy, organizational structure, and NPD processes. Rather than considering the interrelationships among these success factors, however, most previous studies of NPD have examined these issues individually. This shortcoming is compounded by the fact that past studies of NPD have typically cut across industry lines. Gloria Barczak addresses these problems by proposing that a firm's choice of new product strategy, structure, and process are interrelated, as are the effects of those choices on NPD performance. Because these choices and their effects also may be dependent on the unique characteristics of the industry in which a firm competes, her study focuses exclusively on firms in a specific, high-technology industry, telecommunications. The study finds that no single NPD strategy, in and of itself, stands out as being better than any other for the telecommunications industry. Instead, it appears that a company's focus should be on ensuring the best possible fit between its chosen NPD strategy and its corporate goals and capabilities. In keeping with the current focus on cross-functional teams, the study results indicate that project teams and R&D teams are the most effective means for organizing NPD efforts in the telecommunications industry. Perhaps not surprisingly, R&D teams are more important for first-to-market firms than they are for fast followers and late entrants. An R&D team provides the technical skills necessary for playing the role of pioneer. Regardless of the firm's NPD strategy and structure, the presence of a product champion is an important element in the success of new product efforts. In an era of rapid, technological advances, idea generation and screening efforts are essential to the success of telecommunications firms. To ensure that they do not fall into the trap of introducing technology for technology's sake, pioneering and fast-follower firms in particular must recognize the importance of staying in touch with their markets. Such market-oriented activities as customer prototype testing and concept definition and testing can help these firms ensure that their technological developments are in line with customer needs and requirements.     

资本深化、产业结构与中国城市劳动生产率

提高城市化质量和劳动产出效率是中国未来经济发展的必然选择。然而目前关于城市劳动生产率的研究大多是基于发达国家城市化平稳期假定做出的,这与中国当前发展情境不符。本文在城市产出总量函数中引入了资本存量和产业结构变量,考察快速城市化时期的资本存量、劳动投入、产业结构和城市规模等关键经济变量对城市劳动生产率的影响。基于中国1995—2010年地级以上城市市辖区数据,本文发现:劳均资本存量、产业结构和城市规模等因素对中国城市劳动生产率的提升有显著作用,并且呈现阶段性和趋势性特征。总体上看,资本深化的作用最大但呈缓慢下降态势,产业结构和城市规模的作用为正且呈"倒U型"变动,而人口集聚呈"规模报酬递增",要素投入呈"规模报酬递减"现象。     

制度环境、激励结构与垄断行业收入规范

文章将转轨经济条件下制度及经济环境随机变动的因素引入分析中,并将收入合同作为管制者与经营者之间策略互动的一个内生结果。特定制度环境导致的垄断厂商经营者面临不确定性的扩大以及国有产权下管制者与经营者贴现因子的差异使我国垄断行业厂商经营者有更大的动力攫取制度设计中的信息租金。认为在垄断性行业改革中更多的强调绩效考核及引入专家式监管对我国垄断性行业收入规范改革有着重要的作用。     

浅谈可持续发展与产业结构调整

一、可持续发展战略对产业结构调整的基本要求可持续发展已被我国确立为未来的基本发展战略 ,产业结构调整就是通过扩张、收缩、改组、创新等方式 ,不断优化各产业之间的生产联系、制约关系和数量比例 ,对各产业进行动态的资源配置 ,促使产业结构合理化 ,以保证整个国民经济的可持续发展。1 产业结构的调整 ,必须有助于资源的有效配置 ,以获取较好的经济效益。在一定时期内 ,一个国家所掌握的资源有一个客观限度。在这个限度内 ,产业结构不同 ,即一定的资源和劳动在不同的产业中的分配不同 ,所带来的经济效益也不相同 ,这是因为各产业不同的…     

环境规制、技术创新与中国火电行业的效率提升

基于效率的视角,本文对2004年中国30个省(自治区、直辖市)火电行业的环境规制进行分析。首先利用三阶段DEA模型排除经营环境与统计噪音对中国火电行业效率的影响,然后从非规制、弱规制、强规制三个层次分析环境规制程度与中国火电行业效率的关系。实证结果表明,环境规制可以提升中国火电行业整体的效率水平,总体上存在技术创新激励效应,但并非适用各个地区。最后本文根据环境规制与技术效率的关系,将中国各地区火电行业的发展模式划分为内力驱动环境友好型、环境弱友好型和外力推动环境友好型三种,并给出各自适应的规制建议。     

Innovation and Merger Decisions in the Pharmaceutical Industry

There is increasing public policy concern about the potentialeffects of mergers on innovation. This paper provides acomparative analysis of approaches to innovational competitiontaken by the E.U. and U.S. merger authorities in a sample of threerecent, major, pharmaceutical mergers. The European Commission'sapproach appears lighter handed and places more explicit emphasison effects in downstream markets. The uncertainties in the analysisof dynamic effects of mergers on innovation, even in pharmaceuticals,suggest the need for a cautious approach and for careful framingof any merger remedies where R & D projects and components, ratherthan approved drugs, are involved.     

技术创新、路径依赖与路径创造——产业升级的困境与突破

产业升级所必需的技术创新具有明显的路径依赖特征,其所产生的“锁定”效应会阻碍技术变迁。技术变迁的路径依赖有状态依存型路径依赖和行为依存型路径依赖两种,通过复杂适应系统理论可以提出产业升级中的技术变迁实现路径创造的对策建议。     

Organizational Innovation in the Apparel Industry

The traditional mass production process in apparel manufacturing is contrasted with innovative techniques based on teamwork and greater employee participation. Although economic forces have encouraged the spread of innovative work organization, so far, these techniques have been implemented only within traditional human resource strategies that maintain sharp distinctions between production workers, on the one hand, and managers, supervisors, and engineers, on the other.