Multi-path mapping for alignment strategies in emerging science and technologies

Roadmapping serves both short and long term (strategic) alignment in science and technology (S&T). Forecasts of the likely future development of S&T are generated; then research and development (R&D) efforts necessary to realize various goals are backcast. But for new and emerging S&T this trusted principle does not work: the likely products are not articulated yet. A promising approach however is building mapping tools based on underlying patterns and indicators of the dynamics of emergence. This paper discusses, based on a first round application in the field of micro and nanotechnologies for single cell analysis, the methodology of such a new approach. The work is linked to a programme of Future oriented Technology Assessment (FTA) activities coordinated within a European nanotechnology research network.

Our paper addresses well-known lacunae of alignment tools from the viewpoints of the path creation/dependency literatures. We then apply these insights to lab-on-a-chip devices for cell analysis. Dynamics of emerging paths can be used to articulate a future structured in terms of prospective innovation chains and potential paradigms. We demonstrate a plausible variety of paths, which provides a broader set of strategic choices. This enables management of expectations and hype by which emerging S&T are characterised, and leads to alignment of actors. Our tool can be applied in strategic management of research and R&D at the level of science-to-industry networks. These are becoming an important element in European S&T policy but will only be successful if ways are found for closing gaps in the innovation chain.     

Strategic planning in public R&D organizations for agribusiness: Brazil and the United States of America

There is increasing evidence that public organizations dedicated exclusively to research and development (R&D) in agribusiness need systematic management tools to incorporate the uncertainties and complexities of technological and nontechnological factors of external environments in its long-term strategic plans. The major issues are: “What will be the agribusiness science and technology (S&T) needs be in the future?” “How to prepare in order to meet these needs?” Both Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa), attached to the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) have developed a comprehensive strategic and operational planning process in order to answer these key questions in the 1990s. The main objective of this article is to present a comparative and preliminary analysis of concepts, methodologies, and processes utilized, and some results obtained by these public organizations.     

The role of intermediaries on technological risk management and business development performance in Korea

This paper examines the strategic use of intermediaries by companies to better meet their technology needs from the resource-based theory and network theory perspectives. The results of this study are based on a sample of Korean IT companies and indicate the particular importance of cooperation with government support organizations and public R&D institutions in building relational assets. Intermediaries played a crucial role in enabling and facilitating joint development projects and promoting technology transfer among the companies in general.The results of this study suggest that intermediaries, as they are linked to other organizations within networks and are centrally situated within those networks where information and resource flow, can coordinate and control the exchange of information and resources within networks and enjoy timely and privileged access to such information, giving them the means to expand their strategic social capital.     

The dynamics of wage determination in Romania

This article examines wage developments in Romania over the last 20 years, discusses the evolving role of government wage policy and structural labour market changes, and analyses the dynamics of the wage determination process. It finds that government wage policy has had a significant demonstration effect on private sector wages, driven mainly by policy decisions over the past few years. The article also finds strong causality from private sector wages to wages in state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) and government. No causality was found for changes in government wages to wages in SOEs or from SOE wages to private sector wages.     

Dealing with the dynamics of technology roadmapping implementation: A case study

Nowadays, companies are facing many challenges. The product life cycle is getting shorter while the complexity and the demand for product customization are increasing. Technology Roadmapping (TRM) has been widely used as a strategic management tool to help organizations in effectively identifying potential products or services for the future, determining proper technology alternatives, and mapping them with resource allocation plans. With the completion of TRM implementation, any organization can be assured that its required technologies and infrastructures will be ready when needed. Implementing TRM as a part of the ongoing strategic/business planning process is challenging because it may affect the organizational work process, structure, and culture. Therefore, an organization needs to understand how the changing roles and responsibilities of key players involved in the TRM process match with the dynamics of TRM implementation in each stage. This paper illustrates the dynamics of TRM implementation and presents a case study to demonstrate how one of the leading building product manufacturers in the ASEAN region went through the process.     

Delegation of Decision-Rights for Wetlands

Different nutrient abatement activities jointly determine water quality. Policies are determined by governments at central and local level, implying that decisions can be affected by strategic considerations. In this article, decentralization of wetland policies is analyzed with regard to the environmental and economic consequences. A two-stage game is used to investigate strategic abatement decisions regarding nitrogen fertilizer reductions, waste water treatment plant phosphorus reductions and wetlands, assuming that wetland decision can be decentralized. It is shown that under particular circumstances, strategic consideration may imply that a central government undertakes more abatement than socially optimal, but in most cases the opposite is likely to occur. Decentralization of wetland decisions is advantageous to the central government but only benefits the local government if its wetland technology is considerably more efficient that the central government’s. This paper explains why local governments often hesitate to take on additional responsibilities for environmental management, and identifies conditions under which local governments make smaller losses or even gain from delegation. The results also contribute to understanding how strategically optimal matching grants are chosen when governments only take into account their own direct costs of abatement and the central government needs to satisfy the local government’s participation constraint.     

项目管理办公室:概念、发展历程与职能

在综述现有文献的基础上,提出:项目管理办公室不但能给项目经理提供项目管理知识支持,还能给组织高层提供资源配置、战略对应等支持,既体现出操作性角色,还体现出战略性角色;组织内的项目管理办公室有多种类型,其发展变革历程和具体类型选择与组织战略紧密相关,设置目的都是希望通过变革实现收益;项目办公室的5大基本职能是开发、支持、监控、培训和组合。最后以国家应用软件产品质量监督检验中心为例,分析了项目管理办公室在中心的应用及其具体职能。     

科技成果商业规模示范：组织学习与政府政策支持的作用

商业规模示范是科技成果产业化的重要环节，当前关于如何推进商业规模示范的研究较少。研究组织学习、政府政策支持对商业规模示范的作用，选取312份企业调研数据进行实证分析。结果表明：①组织学习中的“用中学”和“互动中学”均对商业规模示范存在积极影响，且互动中学的作用更强；②政府政策支持不仅积极影响商业规模示范且正向调节互动中学与商业规模示范的关系；③不同规模、不同性质、不同地区企业商业规模示范及政府政策支持存在差异。该结论不仅有助于明晰商业规模示范中组织学习与政府政策支持的影响机制，而且揭示出企业研发、组织学习及政府政策支持并行是提升科技成果产业化质量与效率的重要途径。     

基于过程管理视角的开放式创新关系治理研究

开放式创新集价值创造与价值获取于一体,对于促进合作研发与创新成果转化具有积极作用。但是,创新主体间目标分歧、利益冲突等关系治理问题影响创新绩效与商业化成败,已成为制约开放式创新实践的主要障碍。基于“知识搜索→知识整合→商业化”的过程管理视角,考察了开放式创新关系治理问题的表现与产生机理,发现解决关系治理问题的关键是维护价值创造与价值获取间动态均衡,提出了以信任及关系规范为主体的关系治理机制理论框架,并从合作关系的内在规则与外在行为两个方面论证了关系治理机制的作用效果。     

基于Miller-Orr模型的省级政府现金管理实证研究

现代国库制度的两项重要功能是,确保对预算执行过程的有效监控和对政府现金资源的妥善管理,而高效的现金管理系统对监控预算执行起着重要的支持性作用.在政府现金管理已逐渐为政府和理论界所关注的背景下,本文从政府现金管理的基本理论、本质及意义入手,以实际调研数据为基础,通过将西部某省2003-2005年的实际数据运用到修正的Miller-Orr模型中,较准确的测算出了2006年该省国库现金月余额的控制范围,为建立省级政府现金管理模式提供了有益的参考.     

基于长沙市T区社区管理模式现状的思考

以长沙市T区为分析案例,通过对T区进行调查研究,寻找当前长沙市社区管理模式存在的一些问题：管理体制的行政化,政府职能的错位与缺位,居民与社区中介组织参与社区管理程度低,社区工作任务繁重,等等。要解决当前社区管理存在的一系列问题,必须重新考析政府、社区、社区中介组织以及居民之间的关系,理顺社区管理体制,明确政府职能,大力培育社区中介组织,培养居民的参与意识,构建长沙市功能型社区管理模式。     

An empirical study of the impact of information technology intensity in strategic investment decisions

This paper focuses on two issues of the management of strategic information technology investment decisions (SITIDs). First, it examines the outcomes of strategic investment decisions (SIDs) according to the extent of IT intensity in the investment project (termed IT-ness). Second, IT-ness is assessed in realtion to a numberr of dimensions, including decision formulating process, evealuation process and decision content. Empirical testing is based on a sample of 80 SIDs from Taiwanese enterprises. Thw results show that IT-ness is negatively associated with the effectiveness of SIDs and several constructs in the decision process. The implicaitons of this for the evaluaiton and management of SITIDs, and on agenda for further research into the effectiveness of SITIDs, are discussed.     

资源配置视角下战略性新兴产业基地建设决策过程研究

采用案例分析法，以国家传感网创新示范区建设的决策过程为研究对象，从资源配置视角重新审视了战略性新兴产业基地建设的决策过程。结果表明，在战略性新兴产业基地建设决策过程中，地方政府充分发挥了主观能动性，与中央政府、科研机构及企业积极互动，获得了建设产业基地的资源。同时，中央政府完成了与产业基地甄选及部署相关的资源配置。     

战略性新兴产业政策依赖性探析 ——来自地方政府补贴视角的实证检验

战略性新兴产业发展受到各级政府普遍扶持,扶持过程处处存在政府的影响,是研究政府行为的良好载体。为此,本文以战略性新兴产业为研究对象,以海克曼（Heckman）两步选择模型为基础分析地方政府补贴选择以及补贴实施机制,并考察其区域效应、省际效应及具体地区经济特征的影响。本文研究表明,地方政府行为具有多样性,其具有显著的扶持弱者行为取向,这是政策依赖的重要因素,这一影响机制受地区经济发展因素的影响,存在显著的区域差异。研究还表明,地方政府补贴行为具有较强的所有制类型偏好,中央国有企业受到补贴的概率、补贴数量及补贴程度显著低于其他所有制,其中蕴含着地方政府与中央国有企业之间的诸多问题。     

Political construction and control of technology: wave-power renewable energy technologies

Recognizing that gouernment-sponsored research, development and demonstration (R,D&D) is a rentral factor in the construction of new technologies, this paper analyzes selected aspects of the relationships between government officials, 'private' businesses and technologists, within the process of technolog development. Building on precious zoork in the social construction of technology tradition for example, of Hughes, Pinch and Biker) and in technology policy and decision-making theoy (for example, of Collingridge and Morone and Woodhouse), and using the case of wave-power R&D in the UK; the paper identifies characteristics of embryonic technological artefacts and their institutional contexts which tend to bias the socio-political construction process. The key to the paper is the extent to which such distortions lead to unwise, uneconomical and/or unfair innovations or hinder learning about seemingly inflexible technologies, which could help to reduce their complexity, scale or cost.     

日美企业组织管理模式对中国企业的启发

分析了日本企业和美国企业的组织管理模式特点。其中,重点探讨了日本的终身雇佣、年功序列和企业内工会对日本企业战后崛起的重要作用;研究了进入20世纪90年代后美国企业组织管理职能从一种维持和辅助型的管理职能上升为一种具有重要战略意义的管理职能,并且成为许多美国企业赖以赢得竞争优势的重要工具。最后,对中国企业的组织管理特点进行了归纳分析,对中国的企业组织管理进行了展望。     

Case management: key to access, quality, and financial success

Several strategic, organizational, and operational variables drive successful case management programs. Organizational goals and accountability for support by administrative and medical staff leaders set the stage for a comprehensive program. The integration of utilization review, discharge planning, and other functions into the role of the case manager improves productivity and continuity. Choosing a model for assigning patients, a variable unique to the institution, should be carefully considered. Regardless of the power of strategic goals or the creative selection of a model, daily practices that promote daily review and communication will reveal all of the opportunities for improved performance. Complications are avoided one patient at a time and patients deserve vigilance. Length of stay is shortened 1 day at a time and we can no longer afford to miss these opportunities. In the period of high census, an unnecessary day for one patient at the end of his/her stay may mean another patient being diverted to another hospital away from his/her physician and past medical records. Creating constructive physician partnerships and cooperative relationships with postacute care providers can bring a case management program to higher level of performance. While many organizations have employees called "case managers," fewer have a comprehensive approach that has the potential to drive so many important indicators of performance.     

转型经济时期战略变化过程研究--基于主体影响和控制的观点

本文整合并扩展了代理理论、控制理论对于战略变化的研究内容,将主体影响、内部控制和战略变化速度和幅度纳入统一的分析框架,建立了解释不同企业战略变化过程差异的理论模型.文章认为政府、股东、经营者三种利益主体在企业决策中影响力的不同将导致企业选择内部控制方式(财务控制和战略控制)的差异倾向,从而影响到企业战略变化决策的制定和执行,最终会对战略变化速度和幅度产生显著的影响.     

日本科技计划体系及其组织管理机制

日本科技计划体系主要以1995年发布的《科学技术基本法》为基础,由5年一期的《科学技术基本计划》及每年度的政府科技预算及其关联的科技"计划"、"项目"和"事业"构成。日本各个中央府、省、厅会在日本"综合科学技术会议"的协调下,围绕国家发展战略以及近、中、长期科技发展需求,展开相关科技工作;通过府省共通研究开发管理系统(e-Rad),对项目进行过程管理;根据政治、经济和社会发展的要求,对科技政策体系进行动态调整。日本科技计划的管理经验值得我国选择性地学习和借鉴。