风险投资参与对中资企业首次公开发行折价的影响——不同证券市场的比较

本文考察中资企业在不同市场上市时风险投资的参与是否影响首次公开发行折价。研究发现,在大陆中小板和香港主板市场上市的中资企业中,有风险投资参与的企业IPO折价显著高于无风险投资参与的企业,支持声誉效应假说,即风险投资机构以IPO折价来提早退出投资项目,以此来建立自己的声誉,吸引更多的资金流入。在美国市场风险投资的参与对IPO折价则没有显著影响。本文进一步研究发现从业时间短的风险投资机构,其参与投资的公司上市时的历史也较短;风险投资进入企业的时间越长,IPO折价水平也越高。这两个检验都验证了风险投资机构通过IPO折价提早退出投资项目,进一步支持了声誉效应假说。     

投资银行金融功能研究综述——基于IPO承销业务视角

近年关于IPO中的投行金融功能研究从多个方面对早期投行声誉功能文献进行了拓展。本文分别评述了发行公司和投资银行相互选择的内生影响效应、投资银行采取多种IPO价格确定机制的视角、投资银行非价格制订服务的金融功能视角以及投资银行自身代理问题的视角出发的投资银行金融功能研究新进展。本文还对以中国为代表的新兴市场投资银行金融功能研究以及从产业组织公司金融互动视角和行为金融视角出发的研究方向进行展望。     

发行定价制度与IPO折价

本文通过研究2009年新股发行制度改革(《关于进一步改革和完善新股发行体制的指导意见》)对新股发行的影响,探讨了发行制度与新股定价等相关问题。本文发现改革后新股发行价上升使得首日折价水平显著下降,同时新股发行价与反映公司质量的财务特征变量相关度增强。本文的实证结果表明2009年的发行制度改革对于IPO市场价格发现机制的完善具有贡献,进一步揭示了在中国股市的发展历程中,一级市场价格发现制度的欠缺是IPO高折价以及IPO价格结构性失衡的重要原因之一。     

IPO折价与长期表现——基于中国A股市场首次公开发行的研究

本研究针对中国A股首次公开发行公司的股票的短期折价现象和长期表现进行考察。在用数据表明IPO折价现象确实存在后，我们发现影响IPO折价的显著因素有签署招股书、正式发行日期之间的差值（正相关关系）和发行的股票交易所所在地。长期来看，首次公开发行公司的销售增长表现不及同行业其它公司，但是随着时间的推移，这种差距会逐渐缩小。     

需求、承销商声誉、发行特征与IPO抑价的实证关系研究——基于A股市场

本文用2009-2013年A股上市的887只股票,研究了承销商声誉、需求、政府管制和其他发行特征等因素对IPO抑价的影响,发现需求对IPO抑价的影响最大,需求越大,IPO抑价率也越高,承销商声誉几乎不显著,政府管制显著,且有正向的影响.其他的发行特征表明:发行价格越低,IPO抑价率越高,承销商选择认购也会提升IPO抑价率.     

“窗口指导”淡化前后新股折价行为比较研究

2009年6月的新股询价机制改革以后,新股发行正式取消了询价的"窗口指导"。文章以2009年政府对新股发行的"窗口指导"改革为背景,选取改革前后在我国A股中小企业板上首次公开发行上市的股票数据为样本,采用随机边界模型,对"窗口指导"淡化前后新股发行定价中的折价行为进行比较研究。实证研究结果表明,2009年改革以前新股折价行为显著存在,且折价程度不容小视,新股故意折价是IPO高抑价的来源之一;而2009年改革后新股折价行为消失,IPO抑价几乎完全来源于二级市场对其估值过高。     

我国创业板市场上风险投资的认证效应与市场力量

价值发现—价值创造—价值实现是风险投资的投、管、退三部曲.文章研究了在价值实现过程中,风险投资对创业板企业IPO折价的影响.文章通过将首日折价率分解成一级市场的“内在折价率”和二级市场的“市场反应率”,解决了传统首日折价率所隐含的市场有效前提条件可能不成立的问题.研究发现,风险投资对创业板企业IPO折价具有双重作用:一方面,风险投资具有认证作用,可以缓解企业与投资者之间的信息不对称,其支持的企业具有显著较低的“内在折价率”;另一方面,风险投资还具有市场力量,能够吸引更有声誉的承销商、更多的投资者和分析师关注,其支持的企业具有显著较高的“市场反应率”.在风险投资的双重作用中,市场力量占主导,从而风险投资支持的企业IPO首日折价率较高.     

IPO周期中上市公司质量波动问题研究综述

IPO市场上存在着发行公司数量的周期性波动,即IPO浪潮现象,而在IPO浪潮中上市公司质量的波动也呈现出一定的规律。IPO公司的质量是IPO浪潮研究中重要的一个方面,从IPO公司业绩的长期表现方面来看,包括了盈余质量对公司业绩的影响、承销商声誉对公司业绩的影响、机构投资者持股比例与公司业绩的关系等三方面。从IPO公司股价的长期表现方面来看,则包括了IPO公司初期报酬与股价长期表现的关系、IPO公司股价长期弱势现象、公司股价的长期表现衡量方法等内容。     

法人定向配售制度与IPO抑价关系的实证研究

自新股发行恢复以来,新上市公司的股票普遍表现出较高的IPO折价。理论界对IPO折价的影响因素有很多分析,基于信息经济学的方法,分析法人定向配售与IPO折价之间的相关性,并作出实证检验。     

投资银行声誉、IPO质量分布与发行制度创新

本文通过构建投资银行声誉的静、动态分析模型，对投资银行、IPO质量与新股发行抑价之间的关系进行了探讨，并运用统计分析技术和方法，对有关推论进行了实证检验。结果表明：（1）对投资银行的声誉与其承销的IPO质量之间的关系来说，1999年是一个分水岭；（2）影响投资银行声誉的主要因素是其综合竞争力；（3）IPO上市五日抑价与公司业绩缺乏统计上的显著性，而主要受企业规模、发行比例、中签率、新股定价的管制程度、上市地点与时间等因素的影响。     

投资银行声誉、IPO质量分布与发行制度创新

本文通过构建投资银行声誉的静、动态分析模型,对投资银行、IPO质量与新股发行抑价之间的关系进行了探讨,并运用统计分析技术和方法,对有关推论进行了实证检验。结果表明:(1)对投资银行的声誉与其承销的IPO质量之间的关系来说,1999年是一个分水岭;(2)影响投资银行声誉的主要因素是其综合竞争力;(3)IPO上市五日抑价与公司业绩缺乏统计上的显著性,而主要受企业规模、发行比例、中签率、新股定价的管制程度、上市地点与时间等因素的影响。     

IPO初始回报与创业投资参与的研究——基于我国创业板的实证研究

本文在论述国际学术界关于创业投资在企业IPO中作用理论研究的基础上,通过采用实证分析方法,对我国创业板上市的153家公司2007—2009年的数据进行研究,得出如下结论：企业IPO初始回报与是否有创业投资参与具有显著的正相关关系。同时,IPO初始回报与公司规模显著负相关,与股份发行比例显著负相关,与公司上市时年龄显著负相关,与企业上市日的上证指数收益率显著正相关,与净资产收益率显著负相关。     

What determines the level of IPO gross spreads? Underwriter profits and the cost of going public

This paper addresses three empirical findings of the literature on initial public offerings. (i) Why do investment banks earn positive profits in a competitive market? (ii) Why do banks receive lower gross spreads in venture capitalist (VC) backed than in non-VC backed IPOs? (iii) Why is underpricing more pronounced in VC than in non-VC backed IPOs? While each phenomenon can be explained by itself, there is no explanation yet why all three occur simultaneously. We propose an integrated theoretical framework to address this issue. The IPO procedure is modeled as a two-stage signaling game: In the second stage banks set offer prices given their private information and the level of the spread. Issuing firms anticipate their bank's pricing decision and, in the first stage, set spreads to maximize expected revenue. Investors are aware of this process and subscribe only if their expected profits are non-negative. Firms' equilibrium spreads are large so as to induce banks to set high prices, allowing banks to make profits. Superiorly informed VC backed firms impose smaller spreads but face larger underpricing than non-VC backed firms.     

可信性、价值认证和投资银行声誉机制

文章认为由于"机会主义"和"善意错误"的存在,致使投资银行在价值认证中面临"可信性"问题。文章利用C-F模型,探讨了投资银行声誉对解决"可信性"问题的意义,并通过分析投资银行声誉与发行企业质量、IPO抑价和承销费用之间的关系,发现投资银行声誉机制具有"信号显示"、"价值发现"和"补偿激励"等重要功能。由于没有很好地解决可信性问题,投资银行声誉机制的这些功能在我国基本不存在,因此我国投资银行很难发挥价值认证作用,这是我国证券发行市场有效性不足的一个重要原因。     

Firm-specific risk and IPO market cycles

This article characterizes the role of risk in the initial public offering (IPO) cycle. While most of the previous literature uses the volatility of IPO initial returns to measure risk, we focus on different risk measures, namely firm-level systematic and idiosyncratic volatilities and the market-wide implied volatility index (VIX), to assess their role in the IPO cycle. Our results shed new light on (1) which risk measure is important in the determination of IPO cycles, (2) the temporal pattern of each risk component across issuing firms and (3) the relationship between market-wide uncertainty and IPO risk. Our findings reveal a lead-lag relationship between IPO waves, VIX and the IPO systematic risk measure. We also highlight the fact that market-level uncertainty predicts IPO activity and the level of idiosyncratic risk of the next-period-issuing firms. Issuing firms’ systematic risk can only be predicted by the systematic risk of firms now proceeding to their offering. The main implication resulting from our study is that one can better anticipate ‘hot-issue’ markets, as well as the specific risk components of future new issues. This will help improve upon the regulatory environment, IPO investment decisions and IPO timing given market receptivity.     

Long‐term Performance of New Equity Issuers, Venture Capital and Reputation of Investment Bankers

This study investigates the potential effects of investment‐banking reputation and venture capital on the long‐term performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) simultaneously. Our findings do not support the view that IPOs perform differently compared with other firms, with the only exception of venture‐backed IPOs. We show that venture‐backed IPOs are associated with long‐term gains when we account for investment bankers' reputation, size and book‐to‐market effects. Zero investment portfolios, based on combinations of underwriter's reputation and venture capital involvement's in IPOs, provide additional evidence in support of the view that venture‐backed IPOs, regardless of the reputation of underwriters, are associated with significant post‐issue gains. Our results also indicate that the reputation of investment bankers matters only in the absence of venture capital .     

On the Coexistence of Banks and Markets*

We examine the coexistence of banks and financial markets by studying a credit market where the qualities of investment projects are not observable and the investment decisions of entrepreneurs are not contractible. Standard banks can alleviate moral‐hazard problems, while financial markets operated by investment banks can alleviate adverse‐selection problems. In competition, standard banks are forced to increase repayments, since financial markets can attract the highest‐quality borrowers. This, in turn, increases the share of shirkers and may make lending unprofitable for standard banks. The coexistence of financial markets and standard banks is socially inefficient. The same inefficiency may occur with the entrance of sophisticated banks, operating with a combination of rating and ongoing monitoring technologies.     

Exchange rate uncertainty and firm-level investment: Finding the Hartman–Abel effect

Motivated by Lee and Shin (2000, AER), we study the interplay of the share of variable input, investment irreversibility, and market power in shaping the relationship between investment and uncertainty. Employing a large panel of Chinese manufacturing firms, combined with industry-specific exchange rates for the period 1998–2006, our system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation finds that uncertainty significantly encourages (discourages) investment for firms with high (low) labor share or low (high) investment irreversibility, and the impact is magnified for firms with low market power. Our paper demonstrates the importance of the share of variable input, investment irreversibility, and market power in the Hartman–Abel paradoxical effect that predicts a positive relationship between uncertainty and investment in the international economics context.     

配股和增发的相关者利益分析和政策研究

本报告从理论和实证两方面研究配股和增发这两种发行方式对于非流通股股东、流通股股东 (包括参与增发的老股东、不参与增发的老股东、参与增发的新股东、参与配股的流通股股东、不参与配股的流通股股东 )等利益相关者的影响 ,发现在目前国内证券市场 ,配股比增发更有利于各方利益的均衡。同时 ,实证研究发现 ,配股折扣率与流通股股东超额收益率显著正相关 ,而与每股净资产增长率相关性不显著。这表明合适的折扣率配股方式在促进非流通股股东净资产大幅增长的同时更能保护流通股股东的投资利益。     

OBSERVABLE REPUTATION TRADING*

Is the reputation of a firm tradable when the change in ownership is observable? We consider a competitive market in which a share of owners must retire in each period. New owners bid for the firms that are for sale. Customers learn the owner's type, which reflects the quality of the good or service provided, through experience. After observing an ownership change they may want to switch firms. However, in equilibrium, good new owners buy from good old owners and retain high‐value customers. Hence reputation is a tradable intangible asset, although ownership change is observable.