Intangible capital,corporate valuation and asset pricing

Recent studies have found unmeasured intangible capital to be large and important. In this paper we observe that by nature intangible capital is also very different from physical capital. We find it plausible to argue that the accumulation process for intangible capital differs significantly from the process by which physical capital accumulates. We study the implications of this hypothesis for rational firm valuation and asset pricing using a two-sector general equilibrium model. Our main finding is that the properties of firm valuation and stock prices are very dependent on the assumed accumulation process for intangible capital. If one entertains the possibility that intangible investments translates into capital stochastically, we find that plausible levels of macroeconomic volatility are compatible with highly variable corporate valuations, P/E ratios and stock returns. We thank Ellen McGrattan, Edward Prescott, Rene Stulz and an anonymous referee for their helpful comments as well as workshop participants at FAME, the 5th Conference of the Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, the European Central Bank, Columbia Business School Finance Free Lunch and the University of Zürich. This research has benefited from financial support from the National Center for Competence in Research “Financial Valuation and Risk Management”. The National Centers of Competence in Research are managed by the Swiss National Science Foundation on behalf of the Federal Authorities.     

转型期我国中小企业与研究机构合作的信任基础

中国社会转型期间的信任结构极大地影响着研究机构与中小企业的合作方式和效率。本文认为．信任机制是决定研究机构与中小企业合作是否成功的基础,并从理论上剖析了转型期信任机制的转变规律。     

社会资本影响企业绩效的机制研究

社会资本是企业资本的重要组成部分之一,它主要是由企业内部和企业之间的信任、互惠和合作有关的一系列态度和价值观所构成的。社会资本对提高企业的绩效具有不可替代的作用。本文通过对资源配置、知识共享与信息传播、技术创新和交易费用等因素的作用来实现社会资本对企业绩效影响的机制。     

Infinite desires in a finite world: Scarcity and its socio-economic implications

Natural resource scarcity has been making a resurgence as a dominant theme in recent economic writings. Most of the papers on this subject, however, have been narrow in their scope— discussing the issue mainly from a specific viewpoint or ideological stand. This paper attempts to give a balanced treatment to three economic positions (the traditionalist, the revisionist, and the unorthodox economist) taken toward natural resource scarcity. As such, the main objective of the paper is to present and analyze the basic arguments that have been advanced by the proponents of these three positions. It is the author's intent that this approach will help clarify the main factors that have been the source of disagreements among economists over the probable causes and ramifications of societal problems emanating from scarcity and in so doing provide a clearer perspective for prudent action.     

高科技企业战略联盟间信任关系的建立

信任关系作为企业间的社会资本有利于战略联盟的维持和运转。建立高科技企业联盟间信任关系提升信任水平,需建立成员企业间学习的正式与非正式机制,组建广泛的商业关系网络,设计联盟内部信任的评审规范,培育共同的价值观。     

社会资本在农村集体经济改革中的演变与构建

狭义上的社会资本指网络关系、社会规范以及信任程度,中国农村集体经济在这些方面具有不同于西方国家的特点。论文分析了在中国改革开放这一制度变迁的过程中社会资本发生变化的机理及其对农村集体经济的影响。根据理论研究提出应重构农村集体经济社会资本,这对于建设和谐社会、实现经济转型和提高农民收入等具有重意义。政策含义是：培育农村经济中介和社会中介组织,建立发挥合作经济的作用,明确供销社和信用社合作性质,同时,基层政府和社区的互动应该有边界。     

Financial development,financial liberalization and social capital

The relationship between financial liberalization policies and financial development is controversial. The impact of these policies differs greatly across countries. In the literature, the quality of formal institutions has been identified as an important source of this heterogeneity, as countries with a weak institutional environment generally fail to benefit from financial liberalization. Using panel data covering 82 countries for the period 1973–2008, we find evidence that social capital may substitute for formal institutions as a prerequisite for effective financial liberalization policies. In particular, we find that during the post Washington-consensus period countries with a high prevailing level of social capital can ensure that financial liberalization positively influences financial development, despite the poor quality of their formal institutions.     

企业社会资本对技术创新绩效的影响研究

文章从企业社会资本提高技术创新能力的角度出发,首先在现有研究文献的基础上,对社会资本、吸收能力、企业创新绩效及其三者关系进行了分析,发现引入企业规模作为控制变量才能更为科学地梳理三者之间的关系。其次构建了关于三个主要研究变量之间的理论关系模型,提出相关研究假设。最后采用问卷调查方法对长三角地区的企业进行数据收集,利用回归分析等方法对模型所包含的假设进行实证检验。通过理论分析和对350份有效问卷数据的实证分析,研究发现企业社会资本与吸收能力对企业技术创新绩效存在着显著的正向影响。其中吸收能力起到调节性中介作用,在大中型企业中,企业社会资本、吸收能力和技术创新绩效三者之间的关系并不显著;在小微型企业中,吸收能力对企业社会资本与技术创新绩效的调节作用不显著。     

社会资本概念的学科异同与维度划分

在Bourdieu对社会资本进行系统分析以后,不同领域的研究者开始从不同学科角度对社会资本概念进行解释。社会学、经济学和政治学学科对社会资本及其内涵的理解有差异也有联系,社会资本概念可以从二维、三维、四维等角度进行维度划分,并以此为基础进一步明确社会资本概念。     

企业社会责任对企业绩效影响实证研究--以食品类上市公司为分析对象

本文以沪深股市中食品类上市公司为研究样本,研究企业社会责任对企业绩效的影响,同时分析企业规模、企业所在地区发达程度、企业风险性水平、企业性质这四个变量对企业社会责任影响企业绩效的调节作用。用 SPSS 软件对所得数据进行描述性统计、相关分析、分层回归分析和分组回归分析,识别了食品类企业社会责任对企业绩效有正向影响,企业所在地区发达程度和企业性质都正向调节企业社会责任对企业绩效的影响,企业风险性水平反方向调节企业社会责任对企业绩效的影响,企业规模没有调节企业社会责任对企业绩效的影响。     

从被动到主动 ——关系型信任及其对企业合作的影响

社会的变迁使我国社会结构和利益关系发生了巨大的变化,社会主体之间的关系型信任也有很大的改变。本文通过深入的实证研究,揭示了关系型信任的结构、来源以及对企业合作的影响。研究结果表明,关系型信任中的主动型信任是在被动型信任的基础上发展而来的,企业合作关系的建立主要依赖于主动型信任而非被动型信任。良好的声誉有利于建立被动型信任,有助于企业选择合作伙伴,企业间沟通和互惠对主动型信任有显著的积极影响,最终促进企业间的持续合作。本文的研究不仅丰富了关系型信任理论,也为企业在管理实践中建立和改进与合作伙伴之间的信任关系提供了有益的借鉴。     

Social Capital: A Roadmap of Theoretical and Empirical Contributions and Limitations

The general idea of social capital is that relationships matter. In this sense, the trust, cooperation and reciprocity involved in these relationships can have a positive impact on the wealth of society by reducing transaction costs, facilitating collective actions, and lowering opportunistic behavior. This work sheds light on the different theoretical and empirical problems that a scholar is likely to face in dealing with social capital research and analysis. We propose a critical roadmap of the social capital theories and applications for a general audience, nonusers included, with particular attention to the works of political and social economists. We provide a critical debate on the different definitions and measures produced, the theoretical frameworks developed, and the empirical techniques adopted so far in the analysis of the impact of social capital on socio-economic outcomes. We turn to the limitations of these techniques and suggest some basic strategies to reduce the magnitude of these limitations.     

中小企业非正规金融内生成长分析——基于社会资本视角

在发展中国家和地区,非正规金融对于中小企业融资具有重要的作用。在非正规金融的私人契约治理机制中,社会资本构成了经济交易中的重要资源。由于社会资本的存在,非正规金融在一定程度上是中小企业自主自愿选择的结果。社会资本的动态变化推动非正规金融的关系型融资向契约型融资转变的同时,应该辩证地看待社会资本对非正规金融的影响。     

组织间信任的维度研究

信任作为一个多元双向的社会心理学变量,在不同情景下所展现出的内涵各有不同。信任内涵的多维度是信任研究中的一个关键特征,本文在文献研究的基础上,对信任的多维度展开了系统分析;并采用案例研究方法,对一个网游公司及其主导下的网吧合作关系中的信任维度进行了实证研究。     

跨国公司企业公民行为评价体系构建研究

企业公民行为是企业社会责任在理论与实践的继承与发展,其相关理念逐渐被认可并成为一个发展趋势。随着国外跨国公司不断进入中国市场和快速发展,在华跨国公司承担企业社会责任出现了主体缺位的现象。文章通过阐释跨国公司企业公民行为的内涵,即公司股东及高层管理者等在公司治理过程中表现出企业公民的权利与义务行为,并对企业公民经济行为、企业公民社会行为、企业公民道德行为与企业公民自然行为4个一级指标及相关二级指标、衡量指标的内涵进行详细阐述;最终从4个一级指标、10个二级指标与32个衡量指标来构建跨国公司企业公民行为评价指标体系,以此规范在华跨国公司治理行为,促进在华跨国公司发挥更大的经济社会等效益与价值。     

The Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility and Its Limits

Companies are, in a broad sense, a group of different agents that have a relationship with shareholders, citizens, providers, and customers. In other words, they are known as stakeholders. Corporate social responsibility may help to establish clear boundaries among the different interests of the groups described above. In this paper, the authors will describe, analyze, and formalize the critical responsibility parameters, as well as the variables that shape them. Corporate social responsibility is proposed as a new management tool and not as a fashionable concept. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of corporate social responsibility will be analyzed in order to define a management model for achieving responsibility among organizations. Finally, the model limitations are presented, both in the verbal and the mathematical formalizations.

我国企业慈善行为的市场反应——基于汶川地震捐赠数据的实证检验

本文以136家中国上市公司为样本,分析了汶川地震后资本市场对企业发布捐赠公告的市场反应,与对照组企业相比,样本中的企业的7天累计超额收益率显著为正.但是,当把样本划分为政府控股企业和私人企业两类后,本文发现两类企业在捐赠行为上存在明显的差异,Godfrey的"慈善捐赠只有被看作是企业社会责任的真实表达时才可以提高企业价值"的观点,在政府控股企业并不适用.     

农业企业社会责任、企业声誉与竞争力研究——基于上市公司的经验数据

基于农业(涉农)上市公司的经验数据,分析农业企业社会责任、企业声誉和竞争力之间的关系。研究结果表明:农业企业社会责任对企业竞争力具有显著的正向影响。其中,战略性企业社会责任对竞争力的正向影响显著,而利他性企业社会责任对企业竞争力的影响不显著。此外,企业声誉没有在农业企业社会责任向企业竞争力转化的过程中发挥中介作用。因此,要实现企业社会责任向可持续竞争优势转化,农业企业应建立战略性和利他性企业社会责任并重的管理机制。