论绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响与对策

绿色贸易壁垒作为一种新的技术性贸易壁垒,对我国农产品出口造成了较大的影响。我国政府应该正视国际农产品贸易中绿色环保的发展趋势,及时调整自己的贸易策略。文中在绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品贸易积极和消极影响分析的基础上,提出了应对该种贸易壁垒的四点对策。     

No-trade-deal Brexit would lower GDP by 1ppt by 2022

• ▀ A no-trade-deal Brexit would result in UK GDP being 1ppt lower than our baseline forecast at the end of 2022. Increased trade frictions and a negative reaction from financial markets would more than offset looser policy settings.
• ▀ Even if an FTA is agreed, trade between the UK and EU will be subject to new customs and regulatory trade barriers. If a trade deal is not agreed, tariffs will also be levied on UK-EU trade, while non-tariff barriers are likely to be higher.
• ▀ A no-trade-deal outcome would almost certainly see the BoE undertake further quantitative easing. A further, temporary, loosening of fiscal policy would also be likely, with higher government investment an obvious option.

     

Unemployment: Is Government Macro- Economic Policy Impotent?

Persistent calls from the CBI, TUC and other corporatists for government 'action' to relieve unemployment are based on the Keynesian belief that government can trade off unemployment against inflation. Professor Rowley analyses the fallacy and argues for the dismantling of institutional barriers in the labour market.     

低碳贸易壁垒的内容、影响及应对措施

发展低碳经济,减少碳排放,是延缓全球气候变暖的迫切需要。以低碳经济为代表的新技术革命也是全球经济复苏的引擎和下一轮经济增长的动力。制定碳标准,征收碳关税,一方面起到了监督减排责任的作用,但另一方面也成为新的技术性贸易壁垒。低碳贸易壁垒是在应对气候变化的大背景下产生的一类新型贸易措施,贸易保护主义将来更多是以低碳壁垒等技术性壁垒出现。由碳关税和低碳壁垒衍生的税收成本和技术标准的提高,将给包括中国在内的新兴经济体的出口产品增加生产成本,影响其出口贸易的发展。为应对世界经济和贸易格局向低碳化演变及发达国家设置低碳贸易壁垒对出口造成的严峻挑战,中国必须实施贸易低碳化战略,加快转型步伐。     

Retirement and the parable of the fishermen

Using a parable about a fishing community, the paper draws morals for retirement policy-makers. It concludes that government should phase out universal pensions, reduce taxes, avoid tax discrimination for savings, stop trying to influence market interest rates and promoting consumption, and remove barriers to trade and investment.     

Buckingham's Fight for Independence

Professor Alan Peacock examines the barriers to entry erected against innovators in the university market by lecturer trade unions,'disinterested' government officials and other groups The University of Buckingham reveals how, despite hostile political conditions, exposure to the market-place improves academic standards and administrative efficiency     

Trade barriers and japanese foreign direct investment in the colour television industry

This paper examines the penetration by Japanese firms of the US and West European colour television markets, initially by exports and then, predominantly, by local production. It is demonstrated that Japanese foreign direct investment was basically a defensive response to trade barriers erected in these markets to re-locate Japanese plant from Japan and other Asian locations. A strategic oligopolistic imitative behaviour, rather than an orchestrated strategy, is identified, and a comparison is made of the effect of trade barriers in each region on industry structure and plant size.     

技术性贸易壁垒是影响我国出口贸易的最大障碍

加入WTO后,我国出口贸易成绩斐然。但是,越来越多的非关税壁垒对出口贸易也造成重大阻碍,其中最大的威胁来自技术性贸易壁垒,这是当前影响外贸发展的最大障碍,必须高度重视。本文总结了十年来出口贸易的成就,分析了技术法规、技术标准与合格评定程序三种技术性贸易壁垒,阐述了技术性贸易壁垒对我国出口产品在国际市场上竞争力的影响所在,指出应通过建立国家级的管理技术性贸易措施的协调机构来应对技术性贸易壁垒。     

Positive welfare effects of trade barriers in a dynamic partial equilibrium model

We develop a simple two-region, cobweb-type dynamic partial equilibrium model to demonstrate the existence of optimal, possibly non-zero, trade barriers. A pure comparative statics analysis of our model suggests that a reduction of trade barriers, modeled as small but positive import tariffs, always enhances welfare. However, taking a dynamic perspective reveals that nonlinear trade interactions between two regions may generate endogenous price fluctuations which can hamper welfare. Finally, we allow special interest groups, such as consumers or producers from these two regions, to lobby for a particular level of trade barriers. Our model predicts that time-varying trade barriers may be another channel for market instability.     

Government sets 2021 marker for EU trade deal

• ▀ We expect the UK and EU to agree an FTA that will take effect on 1 January 2021, two years earlier than we had previously assumed. The earlier introduction of trade barriers will dampen the post-coronavirus recovery.
• ▀ The economic case for delaying the implementation seemed to have been strengthened by the pandemic, which has left firms and the government ill-equipped to adapt. But political considerations have won out.
• ▀ We think a basic trade deal is more likely than not. The terms of the withdrawal agreement mean that failure to agree an FTA would increase frictions on trade between GB and NI. The UK will also be keen to protect vulnerable sectors.

     

技术性贸易壁垒发展研究

伴随着国际贸易竞争的激烈程度加深，传统的以关税为代表贸易保护方式逐渐被具有更强的隐蔽性的技术性贸易壁垒所取代。技术性贸易壁垒由于自身的灵活性和隐蔽性，成为继关税保护和配额制以及许可证保护后最难应付的贸易保护主义手法，也成为近年来发达国家限制进口的最常使用的手段。面对发达国家各种复杂的技术性贸易壁垒手段，我国如何能够冲破这种壁垒保护己经成为今后国际贸易发展必须面临的问题。本文从技术性贸易壁垒的发展趋以及我国今后应该采取的应对措施方面对技术性贸易壁垒加以阐述。     

绿色贸易壁垒与我国外贸出口发展对策

绿色贸易壁垒也称环境贸易壁垒,属于非关税壁垒的一种。由于绿色贸易壁垒的内容具有歧视性,它通常是发达国家根据国内环保水平和标准设置,当然不利于发展中国家的出口贸易。绿色贸易壁垒不像配额、许可证等非关税壁垒,虽然限制贸易,却还有一定透明度,因此危害更大。文中分析了绿色贸易壁垒的本质、绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响并提出了相应的对策。     

绿色贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响及对策研究

随着各国环保标准的日趋严格,绿色贸易壁垒成为当今国际贸易中贸易保护主义的一种新形式。我国作为一个贸易大国,绿色贸易壁垒波及到我国外贸出口的所有领域,并严重影响到我国对外贸易的发展。因此,系统地研究绿色贸易壁垒,通过分析对中国经济可持续发展的影响,提出构建我国的绿色贸易壁垒应对策略,具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

绿色贸易壁垒的特征、影响及对策

随着世界贸易自由化的进一步发展,一种新的贸易保护策略——绿色贸易壁垒随之而来,绿色贸易壁垒是近年来发达国家限制发展中国家产品进入其国内市场的重要贸易保护措施之一。我国作为发展中国家,出口产品深受绿色贸易壁垒之害。     

气候变化视角下的低碳经济——技术标准和市场准入新的战略制高点分析

文章阐述了发达国家发展低碳经济的战略及政策、相关的技术法规和指令,以及所采用的ISO140064标准等。发达国家政府推动建立低碳经济标准和标准体系,利用核心技术的封锁与专利布局,形成以限制碳排放为主要内容的新的贸易技术性壁垒,低碳经济已成为技术标准和市场准人的新的战略制高点。     

论环境与国际贸易问题及我国贸易政策的调整

环境与国际贸易是经济发展中一对相互矛盾相互促进的两个方面,而近几年来由环境带来的环境壁垒却对国际贸易产生了很大影响。为使两者协调发展,各国的贸易政策必须及时进行调整。文中分析了环境与贸易的关系和环境对贸易的影响,以及国际贸易中所产生的环境壁垒的深层根源。在此基础上,对我国的对外贸易政策提出切实的建议。     

Government spending on public infrastructure,prices, production and international trade

This paper examines the impact of a change in government spending on public infrastructure when monopolistic competition prevails in one sector of the economy. The analysis is based on a variation of the Spence-Dixit-Stiglitz model where the presence of internal economies in the production of a differentiated intermediate good leads to specialization based external economies in the production of the final good. It is shown that changes in government spending on public infrastructure can influence relative prices, production, the degree of specialization, and pattern of international trade.     

创新检验检疫 积极应对后危机时代技术贸易壁垒

随着经济全球化和贸易自由化进程的加快,关税壁垒作用日益减弱,技术性贸易措施成为更隐蔽、更难以对付的贸易壁垒,成为各国保护产业和促进对外贸易发展的重要手段,也对我国对外贸易健康发展造成了极大的阻碍。作为站在国家贸易最前沿的以技术为依托的检验检疫部门,在新的形势下,如何发挥自身优势,采取扎实有效的应对措施,打破国外技术壁垒,将技术性壁垒给我国出口贸易造成的损害最小化,促进我国对外贸易的健康发展,是本文讨论的重点。     

Environmental standards as barriers to trade

This paper examines the case of a good, polluting in consumption, whose pollutive content is restricted by a government with strong environmental policies. When foreign producers are unable to comply with the restrictive environmental standard of such a country, to which they wish to export, they often allege that those standards constitute illegal barriers to free trade. An example of such a good is gasoline, excessively pollutive formulations of which are prohibited from importation into the United States by the 1970 Clean Air Act. Rather than banning them, such imports should be taxed, along with the domestically produced substitute good, according to their respective pollutant contents. This would foster economic efficiency and should be more acceptable to foreign producers than the outright prohibition mandated by the Clean Air Act. The results of this paper reaffirm the argument in a previous article in this journal (Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 29 (1995) 187), though the countries’ roles in the two papers are reversed, that free trade and Pigouvian environmental policies increase international welfare.     

绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响及对策

经过关贸总协定八轮多边贸易谈判以及WTO成立以来就关税减让所做出的努力,世界总体关税水平大大降低。非关税壁垒特别是绿色贸易壁垒正以其鲜明的时代特征日益成为国际贸易发展的重要关卡,而且已经成为中国农产品出口的最大障碍。文章认为,研究绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响、成因及对策,有着重大现实意义。