Forming and Dissolving Partnerships in Cooperative Game Situations

A group of players in a cooperative game are partners (e.g., as in the form of a union or a joint ownership) if the prospects for cooperation are restricted such that cooperation with players outside the partnership requires the accept of all the partners. The formation of such partnerships through binding agreements may change the game implying that players could have incentives to manipulate a game by forming or dissolving partnerships. The present paper seeks to explore the existence of allocation rules that are immune to this type of manipulation. An allocation rule that distributes the worth of the grand coalition among players is called partnership formation‐proof if it ensures that it is never jointly profitable for any group of players to form a partnership and partnership dissolution‐proof if no group can ever profit from dissolving a partnership. The paper provides results on the existence of such allocation rules for general classes of games as well as more specific results concerning well‐known allocation rules.     

Effect of marriage registration on fertility and intrahousehold distribution in Thailand

Research has shown that changes in the marriage and family laws generally affect the formation, welfare distribution, and dissolution of marriage. However, little is known about the effects of constituting state-sanctioned marriage as opposed to informal marriage, where these laws do not fully apply. The present paper studied the effects of formal marriage registration on fertility outcomes and intrahousehold distribution among married couples in Thailand. Using data from the 1993 Survey for the Status of Women and Fertility in Thailand (SWAFT), it was found that marriage registration increases the number of children in a family and enhances women's contribution to and control of household finances. These results suggest that formal marriage registration promotes spousal cooperation and increases the welfare of women, supporting recent policy efforts in many developing countries in the development and expansion of vital registration systems.     

基于共同利益关系的长江三角洲城市合作——以长江三角洲城市经济协调会为例

在共同利益关系的理论框架下,通过对城市合作过程的追踪和参与者的互动分析,研究了长江三角洲城市经济协凋会主导的城市合作.研究发现城市合作是一个从信息交流、专题合作到共同市场建设的过程,并且总结出发展的、促销的、协调的、资源共享的和战略的合作五种类型的城市合作.同时研究也指出真正意义上的区域管治模式已经在我国出现.最后,文章不仅给出研究发现对区域规划和城市合作的政策应用,而且也指出了现有城市合作机制面临的问题.     

理想家庭、婚姻制度与司法程序——对我国婚姻家庭制度与生活实践相关性的反思

婚姻家庭本身具有建构性。改革开放以来,面对我国婚姻家庭生活的急剧变化,婚姻家庭制度的规范力和塑造力弱化,制度变革体现为对生活实践变化的被动接受,继而加剧了婚姻解体的趋势。当下极有必要反思婚姻家庭制度与生活实践的相关性问题,这涉及婚姻家庭理想模式建构、制度规范重构以及婚姻家庭纠纷审理的司法程序设计等内容。     

Marriage,Divorce, and Interstate Risk Sharing*

In this paper, we study the importance of marriage for interstate risk sharing in the US. We find that US federal states in which married couples account for a higher share of the population are less exposed to state‐specific output shocks. Thus, in addition to improving the allocation of risk at the individual level, marriage also has implications for risk sharing at the more aggregated state level. Quantitatively, the impact of marriage on interstate risk sharing varies over divorce regimes.     

ON THE EMERGENCE OF TOYBOYS: THE TIMING OF MARRIAGE WITH AGING AND UNCERTAIN CAREERS*

We explore how gender bias in career opportunities affects matching in a marriage market with search frictions and where an individual’s fitness decays with age. We document a “being left on the shelf” effect where young singles, who find the marriage market rapidly thins with age, rush into early partnership. Singles with stronger career opportunities, however, have a greater option value to defer marriage. More equal career opportunities for women (captured by greater schooling and better occupations) potentially explain the recent emergence of toyboy unions, in which the woman is at least 5 years older than her partner.     

Law, Property, and Marital Dissolution

This paper challenges the view that legal rights are not important in affecting whether people divorce, but it puts as much emphasis on property rights (given, for example, by the law on alimony) as on dissolution rights. The paper sets out two stylised models of marriage and examines the consequences of fuller compensation for economic sacrifices made during marriage. If the dominant economic issue in a marriage is who undertakes household tasks then a law giving fuller compensation makes divorce more likely. If the dominant issue is child custody, divorce is less likely.     

Changes in the status of women and the demographic development of the family

The impact of changes in the status of women on the demographic characteristics and development of the family in the USSR is examined. Three stages of family development are distinguished: formation, growth as a result of the birth of children, and dissolution with the departure of grown children. The relationship between changes in women's social status and age at marriage, family size, and divorce is analyzed. The effects of factors such as educational level, type of employment, exposure to mass media, urban residence, and declining infant mortality rates on women's attitudes toward family size are discussed.     

作为研究与创新政策工具的“公私伙伴关系”

创新是生产力持续发展的关键因素，而创新主导的增长越来越多地依赖创新主体之间的合作。创新主体互动程度与效率是国家创新体系面临的挑战，也决定着一个国家的创新绩效。作为政府治理改革的重要内容，“公私伙伴关系”为公共部门和私人部门在具有互补利益而又难以单独有效实施的领域开展合作提供了一种制度框架，为构建和完善国家创新体系提供了一种新的视角。     

中国-东盟蓝色伙伴关系建立之初探——以“一带一路”倡议为背景

从海洋数据信息与管理、蓝色经济、海洋生态环境保护、海洋防灾减灾等领域概述国海洋产业与东盟“一带一路”沿线国家的合作基础和现状,提出面临的机遇和挑战;分析在“一带一路”背景下我国与东盟国家建立蓝色伙伴关系重点合作领域合作方式,通过统一规划、合理利用资源,开展多双边合作,以及建立能力建设、人文交流机制和海洋命运共同体等方式推动蓝色伙伴关系的构建,助力我国海洋事业发展与“一带一路”倡议相对接。     

On the relationship between body mass index and marital dissolution

The economic literature on body mass index (BMI) and marital dissolution uses simple correlations to suggest that it is the latter that alters the former. We argue here that the opposite is also possible because the higher the BMI, the lower the remarriage potential and the greater the demand for health care, which should decrease the probability of marital dissolution. We empirically explore the role of BMI on marital dissolution showing that those who are overweight are more likely to stay married. This is maintained when we examine causality by exploiting the exogeneity of the dates during which data are collected combined with BMI’s seasonality. Although BMI appears to stabilize marriage, this implies a reduction in the bargaining power of individuals with a high BMI in marriage, which, according to our findings, has a greater impact on White women.     

高校专利合作能力评价指标研究

专利合作能力是高校科技创新能力的重要组成部分,也是高校竞争力的关键因素。通过广度合作和深度合作评价高校专利合作能力,其中广度合作能力由合作专利数和合作企业数进行评价,深度合作能力由合作率、合作强度和活动年期进行评价,并利用熵值法确定指标权重,以广东省16所代表性高校的合作专利数据进行分析。结果发现,广东省同一类型或同一层次高校专利合作能力差异较大,专利合作能力与高校层次、地域不相关,专利合作缺乏长期性。结论对于高校加强专利合作与提升科技创新能力具有较高的参考价值,能为政府健全专利合作保障和激励机制提供决策依据。     

Female earnings and the divorce rate: a simultaneous equations model

Economists have contributed a great deal of research, both theoretical and empirical, to the study of marital formation and dissolution. Many empirical examinations of marriage and divorce rates exist based on Becker's seminal contributions to the literature. All of these divorce studies are single equation models, with female earnings assumed exogenous. As discussed by Becker (1981), however, causality may run in the opposite direction as well: the divorce rate may influence female earnings. This paper estimates a simultaneous equations model in which divorce rates and female earnings are the jointly endogenous variables. Data are by state, for 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990. The state-wide divorce rate equation is an extension of Waters and Ressler (1999), and the specification of a state-wide earnings equation follows standard human capital theory. The specification of joint endogeneity between female earnings and the divorce rate allows valid inferences to be made regarding the effect of female earnings on divorce for the first time. Most previous single equation studies of divorce have found that increases in female earnings significantly increase divorce rates. A simultaneous equations model will allow inferences to be made regarding the possibility of joint determination, which may cause a reevaluation of previous results.     

《中俄能源关系和安全关系中的希望、挫折和不确定性》研究报告评析

《中俄能源关系和安全关系中的希望、挫折和不确定性》的研究报告有两个方面值得商榷。在评估中俄战略伙伴关系时,中西方对什么是战略利益,以及对战略伙伴关系的定位是否暗含着军事同盟的含义的理解有所不同。那么在分析中俄关系的重点上,既然本报告称注重中国国内学者观点,笔者认为应把分析重点放在中俄关系的真正支柱一一战略合作层面,而不仅仅是在能源和安全方面上,双方广泛的共同利益将支持双边关系良好与稳定;在中俄军事、能源合作预测方面,这两方面内容只是战略层面的衍生品,如果深入细致地分析报告的文章逻辑,其论述并不能支持这两方面的合作在瓦解。影响中俄关系的根本因素,应该是结构因素即美国因素,而研究者在报告中更突出了其他两方面因素而降低了结构因素的重要性。     

Real options analysis on strategic partnerships of biotechnological start-ups

Since there is a mismatch between long-term basic research and short-term financial markets, the dependency of biotechnology (biotech) start-ups on strategic partnerships with pharmaceutical companies is expanding more than on venture capital. The research objectives are to examine the difference between license-fee elements, try to determine the innovation valuation in strategic partnerships, and minimise the risk in partnership formation for both sides. A key concept is that a biotech start-up is defined as a portfolio of real options based on an entrepreneur's ideas about investment opportunity. Methodologies used are compound options and stochastic optimisation for innovative but risky projects. In conclusion, this paper tries to address a wider scope with a deeper theoretical grounding, by using the real options perspective for the valuation of innovation partnership, through a biotech license-fee case study for simulation. Furthermore, the real option valuation can be expected to improve open innovation from matchmaking to innovation partnership.     

FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE,BUT HOW ABOUT A RECESSION?

In light of the current economic crisis, we estimate hazard models of divorce to determine how state and national unemployment rates affect the likelihood of a divorce or separation. With data in the United States over the 1978–2008 period from the 1979 NLSY, we find some evidence indicating that a higher unemployment rate increases the risk of a marriage ending for couples in years 6–10 of marriage (suggesting counter‐cyclical divorce/separation probabilities) but has no significant effect for couples in years 1–5 of marriage and those married longer than 10 years. The estimates are generally stronger in magnitude when using national instead of state unemployment rates and when considering just divorces rather than the first observed divorce or separation. (JEL J12)     

MARRIAGE,MARKETS, AND MONEY: A COASIAN THEORY OF HOUSEHOLD FORMATION

This article integrates search‐based models of marriage and money. We think about households as organizations, the way Coase thinks about firms, as alternatives to markets that become more attractive when transactions costs increase. In the model, individuals consume market‐ and home‐produced goods, and home production is facilitated by marriage. Market frictions, including taxes, search, and bargaining problems, increase the marriage propensity. The inflation tax encourages marriage because being single is cash intensive. Microdata confirm singles use cash more than married people. We use macrodata over many countries to investigate how marriage responds to inflation, taxation, and other variables.     

基于径向基函数神经网络的物流企业供应链合作伙伴选择研究

提出了物流供应链企业合作伙伴选择问题的多目标决策模型,结合物流企业的行业特点,设计了符合物流企业供应链特点的合作伙伴选择指标体系,从伙伴关系、伙伴特性和合作柔性三个方面对物流企业供应链合作伙伴进行分析,将伙伴分类为核心伙伴、重要伙伴、潜力伙伴、基础伙伴,通过构造基于径向基函数神经网络的选择模型对合作伙伴进行归类选择。通过实证研究,结果表明该方法有效、实用。     

The Effect of Marriage on Education of Immigrants: Evidence from a Policy Reform Restricting Marriage Migration*

We investigate the effect of immigrants’ marriage behavior on dropout from education. To identify the causal effect, we exploit a recent Danish policy reform that generated exogenous variation in marriage behavior by a complete abolishment of marriage migration for immigrants below 24 years. The reform influenced immigrants from countries with a high historical rate of marriage migration more than immigrants from country groups with a low rate. We find that the dropout rate for males increases by 25 percentage points as a consequence of marriage to a marriage migrant, whereas the effect for females is small and mostly insignificant.     

On efficient partnership dissolution under ex post individual rationality

This paper studies ex post individually rational, efficient partnership dissolution in a setting with interdependent valuations. We derive a sufficient condition that ensures the existence of an efficient dissolution mechanism that satisfies Bayesian incentive compatibility, ex post budget balancedness, and ex post individual rationality. For equal-share partnerships, we show that our sufficient condition is satisfied for any symmetric type distribution whenever the interdependence in valuations is non-positive. This result improves former existence results, demonstrating that the stronger requirement of ex post individual rationality does not always rule out efficiency. We also show that if we allow for two-stage revelation mechanisms, in which agents report their realized payoffs from the allocation, as well as imposing penalties off the equilibrium path, efficient dissolution is always possible even when the interdependence is positive. We further discuss the possibility of efficient dissolution with ex post quitting rights.