实现我国城乡居民收入分配公平的思考

实现社会公平正义是中国特色社会主义的内在要求。其中实现我国城乡居民收入分配公平是维护和实现社会公平正义的重要体现,依据我国仍处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情,坚持发展是硬道理。实现我国城乡居民收入分配公平,必须从推进城乡一体化和融合发展、大力发展第三产业和完善收入分配法律制度,规范收入分配秩序三方面来加以推进,以便进一步维护好、实现好我国的社会公平正义。     

农村社会养老保险收入再分配模型及实证分析——基于新农保的实践

2009年,我国农村社会养老保险在老农保基础上进行了制度创新,在坚持个人账户的同时,引入财政直接补贴的基础养老金制度,形成新农保制度框架,经试点后于2014年2月推广为城乡统一的居民社会养老保险制度。发端于新农保的居民社会养老保险改革具有更强的收入再分配特点,促进了社会公平。文章基于新农保实践,构建净收益收入再分配模型,通过实证分析测算代际内部、代际之间和城乡之间养老金收入再分配效果。     

市场分配的公平性问题

用经济标准来衡量，市场分配是公平的，这里的公平意味着按要素的贡献来评价和计酬，而不是社会成员收入的均等化。政府应当通过法律等手段，维护市场运行的秩序，保障市场分配的公平性。然而市场分配所导致的“马太效应”又与民主政治原则相矛盾。这就只能借助政府的宏观调控对收入进行调节，以实现市场所实现不了的公平。     

房地产价格逆向调节收入分配的机制分析

住房价格持续高涨形成的财富效应，是我国居民贫富差距不断扩大的一个主要原因。从体制机制视角系统分析，在房地产领域的地价剪刀差制度、住房税收免征制度、城乡不动产流转分割制度和土地批租制度，它们共同在逆向调节收入分配。认清这些制度存在的问题，秉持收入再分配公平原则改革这些制度，是理顺我国房地产经济关系，缩小社会贫富差距，增强经济发展内在动力的必要条件。     

当前我国收入分配问题探究

收入分配是国家经济发展和社会制度建设的基础,关系到社会贫富问题,社会背景不断变化带来社会矛盾的历史性演变,从而导致既有的分配制度和模式与实际环境脱节,需要根据社会变化对收入分配中的一些问题和要素进行研究,以提高收入分配的科学性,确保国家战略和人民生活进一步提升。文章就习近平新时代背景进行阐述,分析收入分配面临的各种问题,提出了解决问题的措施建议。     

我国居民收入分配差距扩大的制度分析

当前我国居民的收入分配差距日趋扩大。如果市场机制能正常发挥作用 ,只要决定收入分配的过程是公正的 ,由此而引起的分配结果无论如何都是公正的。但我国处于社会转型期 ,市场经济很不健全 ,居民收入分配的不公是导致差距扩大的真正原因。本文分析了造成我国居民收入分配过程中机会不均等的制度原因并提出了具体的政策建议。     

保障权利平等是收入分配改革的方向

收入分配归根结底是按权利分配,收入差距拉大的根本原因是权利不平等。权利,在内容方面归类为市场权利、社会权利和政治权利,在结构上分为归属权和行使权。根据权利整体归类和状态结构可知,市场权利归属不平等,社会权利行使不平等,政治权利归属与行使都不平等,三者组成权利不平等体系而导致收入分配不公平。在理念、制度和政策上尽可能保障权利平等是收入分配改革的基本方向。通过效率与平等的合理抉择、建立市场民主、构建公民社会以及遏制既得利益集团强势地位等途径实现权利平等。     

金融自由化与收入分配:理论和发展中国家的经验

在发展中国家，金融抑制恶化了社会收入分配状况。面临严重的收入分配不均问题，发展中国家走上了金融自由化的道路。然而，与发达国家不同，因为收入分配、经济关系的不平等，薄弱的制度和不力的监督，发展中国家金融自由化不是改善，而是进一步恶化了收入分配状况。对于发展中国家而言，走出这一怪圈并实现金融自由化的收入分配效应的关键在于，实施渐进的金融自由化战略，保证自由化过程的社会监督，创造条件实现金融广化效应。     

马克思收入分配理论的现实意义

收入分配不平等成为当前最突出的问题,主要表现在居民收入占国民收入的比重过低和在居民收入分配中内部不平衡。基于马克思收入分配的理论基础,文章分析了中国目前收入分配不平等产生的原因,并提出了对策。     

收入分配行为与社会公平原则

党的十六届五中全会提出,要完善按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度,坚持各种要素按贡献参与分配,更加注重社会公平,加大调节收入分配的力度,努力缓解地区之间和部分社会成员收入差距扩大的趋势。对此,学界正在对收入分配问题进行讨论,中心议题是关于收入分配的原则。在理解“更加注重社会公平”的意义时,引发了关于“效率优先、兼顾公平”是否可以作为收入分配原则的讨论。     

Intergenerational income persistence and transmission mechanism: Evidence from urban China

In this paper I investigate the intergenerational income association and its transmission channels amid China's economic transition period using urban data from the Chinese Household Income Projects in 1995 and 2002. The estimated intergenerational income elasticity is 0.43 and 0.51 for cohorts educated prior to and after the market reform respectively, and reaches 0.71 among households with above average income in the post-reform era. Besides the conventional channel of education, this paper estimates the contribution from social capital and ownership of work unit across cohorts and income groups. There is weak evidence that prior to market reform, ownership of work unit contributes most to the intergenerational income persistence for households with below average income, while social capital leads the three contributors in households with above average income. However, in the post-reform era, parents with below average income invest statistically significantly in children's education which contributes most to the intergenerational income persistence. The leading contributor in families with above average income shifts to social capital. Possible explanations for such a shift lie in the ability and incentive of parents from different income categories to invest in their children. The results are tested through a series of robustness checks, and provide empirical support for promoting policies on the equality of opportunity.     

基于旅游目的的韩国旅华市场贡献分析

文章构建了入境旅游市场的人数贡献和收入贡献两个衡量入境旅游发展质量的指标,具体分析韩国旅华市场中观光休闲、商务会议和探亲访友三个主要部分的人数贡献和收入贡献。观光休闲游客的人数贡献最大,商务会议游客的收入贡献最大,探亲访友是最稳定增长的部分。中国要通过挖掘文化旅游潜力促进观光休闲旅游发展,提高商务会议旅游接待水平,扩大探亲访友游客的到访范围,同时带动观光休闲旅游的发展。     

我国农村居民收入结构变化的实证研究

文章通过实证分析发现，家庭经营性收入虽然其主体地位没有改变，但其所占比重和对农民收入的贡献率在下降。而工资性收入虽然所占比重次于家庭经营性收入，但所占比重和对农民收入的贡献率在上升。而财产与转移性收入所占比重及贡献率都较稳定，对农民收入的影响较小。针对这种结构变化，相应提出了增加农民收入的建议。     

基于人均寿命提高的养老金个人账户缴费率研究

现行的中国养老保险制度是"统筹账户和个人账户"相结合的部分积累模式。其中,个人账户不具备代际内收入再分配的功能,属于私人商品。个人账户缴费率的高低不仅影响到个人当期的可支配收入,而且间接影响到其退休后生活水平的高低。现行养老保险制度下的个人账户缴费率只能保障退休人员10年的生活,而目前男女退休职工的算术平均余命已接近17年,因此,随着人均寿命提高且不断延长,如果不能及时调整个人账户缴费率,那么退休人口将面临着因长寿带来的生活无保障的情况。本文则通过以现有的理论研究为基础进行合理测算,力求得出基于人均寿命提高调整个人账户缴费率的理论依据和政策依据。     

公共部门收入分配机制问题研究

公平与效率并重是公共部门收入分配机制构建的基本价值理念。构建公共部门收入分配机制的目标是缩小收入差距,实现收入分配的社会公平。有效的公共部门收入分配协调机制、完善的公共部门收入分配政策扶持机制和规范的公共部门收入分配制度实施机制共同构成公共部门收入分配机制的基本框架。建构完善的公共部门收入分配机制,需要从理念、制度和法制化等方面作为切入点。     

乡镇企业用地问题研究——以重庆市沙坪坝区为例

乡镇企业在促进农民就业和增收、发展现代农业、繁荣农村经济等方面作出过历史性的贡献，具有不可替代的重要地位和作用。随着社会经济的发展，土地问题成为乡镇企业持续发展的主要瓶颈与障碍。文章分析重庆市沙坪坝区乡镇企业用地问题，研究产生这些问题的原因，提出促进乡镇企业合理化用地的对策。     

Economic Status and Social Attitudes of Migrant Workers in China

Migrant workers, meaning those who used to be farmers but have left rural areas and found jobs in cities as a result of economic reform and rapid development in China, have made a significant contribution to the burgeoning labor market and played an important role in speeding up the transition from a planned to a market economy. This present paper considers the economic status and social attitudes of migrant workers. It is based on the analysis of a large‐scale survey in 2006, which was conducted using questionnaires and covered 28 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions throughout the country. It was found that the income status of migrant workers depends heavily on the education and technical skills that they have developed, rather than on identity‐based discrimination. Surprisingly, it was also found that those on less income and of lower economic and social status show more positive attitudes to society than those who are affluent and considered of higher social status. It is concluded that the decisive factor in attitude and behavior of migrant workers is historic rather than economic.     

Genes and Social Mobility: A Case for Progressive Income Tax

Abstract

The effect of ability inheritance on income distribution and social mobility is analyzed with an emphsis on the role of progressive income tax. Epstein–Zin style utility function is used to highlight the role of risk aversion. The result shows that higher genetic inheritability leads to lower per capita income, higher income variance and lower aggregate welfare at the steady state. This tendency is intensified when the elasticity of a child's income to parent's educational investment is higher. In this setup, it is shown that progressive income tax can be a welfare-enhancing tool by increasing social mobility. The optimal progressive income tax rate is obtained in the benchmark model and its positive effect is discussed in the context of “Veil of ignorance”, a concept proposed by Rawls (A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, University Press), 1971).     

从制度层面解析我国居民收入差距的成因

近年来,随着我国经济的高速增长和经济体制改革的持续深入,居民收入差距也逐渐拉大。收入差距的扩大不仅影响了经济的发展,而且还会对社会的稳定与和谐产生一定的负面影响,已经成为我国经济和社会发展中的一个突出问题。文章从制度层面解析了我国居民收入差距扩大的原因,包括经济体制的改革和变迁、社会分配制度不完善、改革进程中制度安排不合理以及制度缺失等因素。     

Describing and decomposing post-apartheid income inequality in South Africa

This paper describes the changes in inequality in South Africa over the post-apartheid period, using income data from 1993 and 2008. Having shown that the data are comparable over time, it then profiles aggregate changes in income inequality, showing that inequality has increased over the post-apartheid period because an increased share of income has gone to the top decile. Social grants have become much more important as sources of income in the lower deciles. However, income source decomposition shows that the labour market has been and remains the main driver of aggregate inequality. Inequality within each racial group has increased and both standard and new methodologies show that the contribution of between-race inequality has decreased. Both aggregate and within-group inequality are responding to rising unemployment and rising earnings inequality. Those who have neither access to social grants nor the education levels necessary to integrate successfully into a harsh labour market are especially vulnerable.