中国出口企业“生产率悖论”存在性检验——来自2005～2008年中国制造业企业的证据

在异质性企业贸易理论提出后,对中国企业生产率的计算认为中国存在出口企业的生产率悖论,即出口企业的生产率比非出口企业的生产率要低。但是测算只是运用了求企业生产率的平均值的方法,这不能反映出口企业与非出口企业的生产率整体状况。文章使用2005～2008年中国制造业企业数据,运用总量法和均值法分行业、分地区计算并比较出口企业与非出口企业的生产率,从而检验中国出口企业生产率悖论的存在性。最后实证检验生产率与企业出口规模的相关性,结论显示生产率与企业出口是负相关的,这也是一种检验生产率悖论存在性的方法。     

我国出口企业的“生产率悖论”及其解释

本文用1998-2007年的中国工业企业数据,选取近300万家企业,分20个行业检验了我国企业出口与生产率的关系,结果显示:只供应国内市场的企业生产率反而高于出口企业;并且企业出口与生产率呈现负相关关系,即生产率越低的企业出口越多。此结论与新-新贸易理论的结论相悖,我们称之为生产率悖论。进一步检验还发现,企业规模是影响出口的主要因素,而出口贸易对于企业生产率的影响是不显著的。笔者认为,导致我国出口企业出现生产率悖论的原因可能在于我国加工贸易较多,且占据了出口贸易的主体。     

中国服务业企业出口与生产率关系——自我选择效应还是出口学习效应

本文采用2011年中国服务业上市企业数据对企业与生产率的"自我选择"及"出口中学"效应进行实证检验,结果表明:(1)出口是中国服务业企业生产率提升的重要影响因素,同时企业生产率的提升也促进了出口规模的扩大;(2)在分所有制企业的检验中,只有国有企业均支持"自我选择"和"出口中学"假说,而非国有企业只支持"出口中学"假说。中国应该推动服务贸易发展,及时推进国有企业改革,落实反垄断政策。     

中国服务业企业出口与生产率关系——自我选择效应还是出口学习效应

本文采用2011年中国服务业上市企业数据对企业与生产率的"自我选择"及"出口中学"效应进行实证检验,结果表明:(1)出口是中国服务业企业生产率提升的重要影响因素,同时企业生产率的提升也促进了出口规模的扩大;(2)在分所有制企业的检验中,只有国有企业均支持"自我选择"和"出口中学"假说,而非国有企业只支持"出口中学"假说。中国应该推动服务贸易发展,及时推进国有企业改革,落实反垄断政策。     

企业异质性影响出口竞争力的效应分析

根据新一新贸易理论,高生产率的企业更倾向于选择出口,低生产率的企业选择国内销售。新一新贸易理论是产业内贸易和产品间贸易的延续,是研究产品内贸易的理论依据。少数学者用中国的数据分析,得出了与新一新贸易理论相违背的结论,即生产率低的企业选择出口,而生产率高的企业选择国内销售,本文也是立足新一新贸易理论,结合前面几位学者对湖南省企业数据的实证分析及得出的结论,而从理论上阐述企业异质性影响出口竞争力的效应分析,并得出与新一新贸易理论不一致的结论：企业生产率与出口显著相关,但其相关关系不确定,因此,企业异质性是影响出口竞争力的显著因素,然而他们之间的关系具有不确定性。     

生产率与中国企业国际化模式:来自微观企业的证据

本文从微观角度研究中国企业生产率及国际化模式选择是否符合新新贸易理论。在匹配《境外投资企业(机构)名录》与工业企业数据库的基础上,借助一阶随机占优的Kolmogorov-Smirnov非参数检验,发现对外投资企业、出口企业和非出口企业间的生产率关系并不完全符合新新贸易理论,出口企业存在"生产率悖论"。随后,本文基于多元Logit回归模型分析企业生产率对国际化模式选择的影响,全样本回归结果显示,企业生产率有效地促进了企业对外投资,但不利于企业出口,并进一步从出口密度视角为出口企业的"生产率悖论"问题进行解释及验证。     

中国服务企业“出口—生产率悖论”存在性检验

本文选取了中国服务业7个行业2010年~2014年的数据,通过用总量法和均值法两种方法测算,并比较中国服务业出口企业和非出口企业的生产率来检验出口企业"悖论"的存在性,根据检验结果可以看出,部分服务业出口企业是存在"出口—生产率悖论"的。最后,本文检验了生产率和企业出口规模的相关性,结果表明,虽然服务企业生产率与出口具有正相关性,但是服务业企业的全要素生产率的系数并不显著,说明服务企业的出口与该企业的生产率并无关系,验证了我国服务企业并不是只有生产率高的企业选择出口。     

高技能劳动力与出口决定——基于中国制造业企业数据的验证

新新贸易理论认为出口企业雇佣了更高技能的劳动者。本文利用员工学历构建高技能劳动力变量,采用中国制造业微观数据研究了高技能劳动力对出口决定的影响。实证检验结果发现,对中国制造业企业而言,高技能劳动力对出口决定具有负向影响,存在"高技能劳动力悖论",而分贸易方式的实证结果表明中国出口中加工贸易占比较高才是导致"高技能劳动力悖论"的重要原因。     

融资约束、生产率与企业出口:基于中国企业不同贸易方式的分析

文章在Melitz(2003)的基础上,将融资约束引入异质性企业贸易模型,进而研究不同贸易方式中企业出口比重变化在融资约束和企业生产率上的差异和变化。研究结果表明:(1)企业出口比重提高有助于降低融资约束。(2)低生产率的企业以加工贸易的形式扩大出口,高生产率的企业会以一般贸易的形式扩大出口。实证研究采用海关数据和制造业企业数据,检验结果支持理论假设。中国出口企业主要通过出口比重的边际调整来最大化融资约束与企业生产率之间的得失,因此若想通过"出口学习效应"更快成长,政府应该采取双管齐下的策略即松解融资约束和转变出口增长方式。     

环境规制是否降低了中国企业出口国内附加值率

利用2000—2006年中国工业企业数据库与海关数据库匹配数据,本文在理论分析的基础上以2003年国务院要求重点城市环境限期达标为准自然实验,采用双重差分法从微观层面实证检验了环境规制对企业出口国内附加值率(Domestic Value-Added Ratio,DVAR)的影响并分析其作用机制。结果表明:(1)环境规制显著提高了企业出口DVAR,这一效应对国有企业不显著而对非国有企业显著为正;(2)影响渠道检验发现,企业进口中间品使用比是环境规制影响企业出口DVAR的显著中介变量,而全要素生产率(Total Factor Productivity,TFP)效应不显著,此外环境规制政策没有影响企业融资约束;(3)扩展分析表明环境规制对企业出口DVAR存在行业和地区层面的差异化效应。本文认为环境规制可以倒逼企业提升出口DVAR,但这一效应具有异质性,可以按照不同企业所有制、贸易方式、行业比较优势以及地区市场化程度制定差异化规制政策,同时促进金融市场发展,加快产业转型升级,以"绿色发展"理念推进经济可持续增长。     

Does Exporter Turnover Contribute to Aggregate Productivity Growth? Evidence from Malaysian Manufacturing

Malaysia’s economic success is to a significant extent underpinned by its export‐oriented manufacturing sector. The sector has a large foreign presence, with MNCs attracted by the open trade and investment regime, and FDI‐friendly policies. Using unpublished manufacturing census data for 2000 and 2005, we apply the methodology by Foster et al. (1998) to decompose productivity growth. The analysis shows that exporters were more productive than domestic‐oriented establishments, and were distinctly more competitive. The empirical evidence also shows that establishment turnover is important in boosting productivity growth. In particular, we find that turnover of exporters made a larger contribution to aggregate productivity growth compared with domestic‐oriented establishments during the period from 2000 to 2005. Surviving establishments (those that operated in both years), on the other hand, made a negative contribution. It is noteworthy that entrants to export markets were more productive than surviving non‐exporters and even surviving exporters. Exiters from export markets or ‘export failures’, on the other hand, were less productive than continuing exporters. Given the importance of turnover to productivity growth, the government should ensure unrestricted entry to the export sectors for both foreign and domestic investors. Continuing with pro‐FDI policies is also important, given the keener global competition.     

The great trade collapse and the Spanish export miracle: Firm‐level evidence from the crisis

We provide novel evidence on the microstructure of international trade during the 2008 financial crisis and subsequent global recession by exploring a rich firm‐level data set from Spain. The focus of our analysis is on changes at the extensive and intensive firm‐level margins of trade, as well as on performance differences (jobs, productivity and firm survival) across firms that differ in their export status. We find no adverse effects of the financial crisis on foreign market entry or exit, but a considerable increase in the export intensity of firms after the financial crisis. Moreover, we find that exporters were more resilient to the crisis than non‐exporters. Finally, while exporters showed a significantly more favourable development of total factor productivity after 2009 than non‐exporters, aggregate productivity declined substantially in a large number of industries in Spanish manufacturing. We also briefly explore two factors that might help explain the surprisingly strong export performance of Spain in the aftermath of the great trade collapse: improved aggregate competitiveness due to internal and external devaluation and a substitutive relationship between domestic and foreign sales at the firm level.     

外部需求与多产品出口企业创新:机理与事实

本文拓展了Mayer等的多产品理论模型,在多产品异质性框架下纳入企业创新行为,从微观视角揭示了外部需求变动对于多产品出口企业创新行为的影响,并分析企业生产率在其中扮演的"角色"。研究发现:外部需求扩张对多产品出口企业创新具有显著的抑制作用,但是分组回归结果表明,外部需求扩张对企业创新行为的影响存在生产率门槛,高生产率企业可以在需求扩张中提高创新水平,低生产率企业则降低创新水平;机制检验表明,外部需求扩张通过规模效应促进企业创新,通过竞争效应抑制企业创新,规模效应和竞争效应分别随企业生产率提高而强化和弱化;异质性分析表明,外部需求扩张对于多产品出口企业创新的抑制作用具有普遍性,一般贸易企业、民营企业、外资企业和高技术企业在外部需求扩张中提高创新水平的生产率门槛较低。本文为多产品企业有效应对外部需求变动、制定合理创新决策和推进对外贸易高质量发展提供理论依据和政策启示。     

The Determinants of Firm Exit from Exporting: Evidence for the UK

This study seeks to understand to what extent new exporters are able to survive in international markets and whether exit from exporting is more likely to be associated with firm-level heterogeneity or more general factors such as trade costs and/or barriers to entry and exit (such as sunk costs). This study presents the first analysis undertaken for a nationally representative group of UK firms on the determinants of exit from exporting, using panel data covering all market-based sectors of the UK during 1997–2003. Our findings suggest that the probability of a firm ceasing to export is directly influenced by its productivity and other attributes associated with firm-level productivity differences (such as size and foreign ownership). Micro-finance factors, such as profitability and the ability to finance through long-term debt, play an additional role. Lastly, sectoral differences (e.g. industrial concentration) also help explain the firm’s exit decision, whilst trade costs lead to a higher probability of exiting from selling internationally.     

The role of processing trade in exporters' responses to exchange rate: Evidence from China

Processing trade is an important exporting mode for many countries developed by the export-oriented industrialisation such as 1960s Japan, 1990s Korea and 2000s China. Exporters who rely on processing trade for foreign profits do not enjoy much market power, and hence care more about exchange rate changes. We develop a model to illustrate how processing trade affects exporters' responses to exchange rate fluctuations. The model suggests that the elasticity of export price with respect to exchange rate for processing-trade exporters is greater than that of the ordinary-trade exporters, while the elasticity of export quantity of processing-trade exporters is smaller compared to their ordinary-trade counterparts. Most developing countries' governments offer processing-trade exporters better tax/tariff reduction policy to encourage exporting, which grants processing-trade exporters additional advantage to adjust more on export price and less on quantity when facing changes in exchange rate and therefore causes their different responses to exchange rate fluctuations. We find strong empirical supports by studying the data from China, which is the largest developing country and biggest processing-trade exporter.     

Skill Upgrading and the Real Exchange Rate

This paper examines the effect of changes in the real exchange rate on skill upgrading in the case of Chile. Using plant‐level data from the manufacturing sector, we find that a real depreciation increases the share of skilled workers in the total wage bill in exporters but not in non‐exporters. This result suggests that depreciations or, more generally, increases in export profitability, may induce exporters to adopt more skill‐intensive technologies. This finding gives support to recent models of trade that highlight the possible effect of the real exchange rate on skill upgrading and wage inequality. This paper also finds that real depreciations increase plants’ export intensity, suggesting that skill upgrading for firms that are already exporters is the channel through which real exchange depreciations affect wage inequality.     

出口是否影响了城市的能源效率?--基于中国281个城市的实证研究

运用包含非期望产出的DEA-SBM方法,测算了中国281个地级及以上城市的能源效率,并进一步考察了出口对城市能源效率的影响。研究发现,出口显著地促进了城市能源效率的提升,这一效应在标准煤与电力消耗指标的检验中是一致的。对子样本的研究发现,中低收入城市、大型城市、沿海城市和资源型城市的出口增长对能源效率的促进作用更大。此外,还证实了出口可通过技术效应和结构效应影响城市能源效率。技术效应表明,出口可以通过提升研发技术与污染处理技术促进城市能源效率提升。结构效应表明,不同出口结构对能源效率的影响存在差异:一般贸易条件下的出口对城市能源效率的促进作用要大于加工贸易,民营企业、外资企业出口对城市能源效率的促进作用要大于国有企业。     

Export Premium,Self‐selection and Learning‐by‐Exporting: Evidence from Chinese Matched Firms

This study empirically focuses on examining the hypotheses of export premium (exporters are more productive than non‐exporters), selection‐into‐exporting (more productive firms are ones that tend to become exporters) and learning‐by‐exporting (new export market entrants have higher productivity growth than non‐exporters in the post‐entry period). The propensity score matching method is used to adjust for observable differences of firm characteristics between exporters and non‐exporters, allowing an adequate ‘like‐for‐like’ comparison. We also use the difference‐in‐difference matching estimator to capture the magnitude of different productivity growth between matched new export market entrants and non‐exporters in the post‐entry period up to two years. Drawing on 2,340 Chinese firms in the period 2000–02, we find evidence for export premium and self‐selection, and once the firm has entered the export market there is additional productivity growth from the learning effect, in particular in the second year after entry.     

全球金融危机对我国出口贸易的影响及应对策略研究

本文首先分析了全球金融危机影响我国出口贸易的传导机制,在此基础上,从贸易总额、贸易方式、贸易主体和出口商品结构等几个方面实证探究了金融危机对我国出口贸易的影响。研究发现,受到此次全球金融危机的冲击,我国出口总额及其同比增长速度均大幅下滑,特别是加工贸易、国有企业和高附加值商品出口受到的影响更大。最后提出了促进我国出口贸易的政策建议。     

Which manufacturing firms learn by exporting?

Using a longitudinal database (1996–2003) at the plant level, this article analyses the causal nexus between international trade engagement and productivity in Portugal. By applying the propensity score matching and a differences-in-differences estimator, the learning-by-exporting hypothesis is analysed in particular. A higher growth of labour productivity and total factor productivity is found for new exporting firms. To uncover the channels through which the learning effects are driven, the same methodology is applied to some sub-samples. Learning effects are higher for new exporters that are also importers or start importing at the same time. Other factors affecting learning ability are found in firms exporting to more developed markets, in those that achieve a certain threshold of export intensity and mainly for those firms that belong to sectors where Portugal has a comparative disadvantage.