国土空间治理内涵及实现路径 ——基于“要素—结构—功能—价值”视角

研究目的：探析国土空间治理内涵与实施路径,为丰富生态文明建设背景下国土空间治理提供理论支撑和实践借鉴。研究方法：文献综述法、理论分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）国土空间“要素—结构—功能—价值”关系是科学认知国土空间的逻辑主线,国土空间治理的核心内涵包括“要素整合、结构优化、功能提升、价值实现”4个方面。（2）新时期国土空间治理特征表现为治理理念现代化、治理主体多元化、治理体制法治化、治理方式精细化和治理手段智慧化。（3）基于系统“要素—结构—功能—价值”逻辑关系,构建了由要素整合、结构优化、功能提升和价值实现构成的多维一体综合治理实施路径。（4）国土空间要素治理包括加强自然要素“地—地”联系、推动人地业等资源要素互补流动;国土空间结构治理包括以“三区三线一网络”为核心进行空间分区和用途管制、建立健全政策制度保障体系;国土空间功能治理包括完善和落实主体功能区制度、提升和协调“三生”功能;国土空间价值治理包括完善国土空间多维价值目标权衡管理、建立健全农业与生态产品价值实现机制。研究结论：国土空间治理需从系统“要素—结构—功能—价值”的逻辑关系出发,从要素整合、结构优化、功能提升和价值实现等方面构建多维一体综合治理路径,进一步提升空间治理能力。     

京津冀国土空间格局演变及其驱动因素的区域差异性研究

研究目的：识别京津冀地区不同经济发展梯度下国土空间格局演变的时空特征及驱动因素,对于优化国土空间资源配置和实现国土空间高质量发展具有重要意义。研究方法：ArcGIS空间分析,面板数据固定效应模型。研究结果：（1）中低发展水平区域的城镇空间持续扩张,农业空间连续收缩;高发展水平区域的农业空间持续减少,城镇空间在2010年之后出现负增长。中高发展水平区域的生态空间在2010年之后开始正向增加。（2）国土空间结构转化的共同特征是农业生产空间向农村生活空间和城镇空间的流入,不同之处在于低发展水平区域的水域生态空间流出多于流入,在中高发展水平区域则相反。（3）城镇、农业和生态空间的分布均为东北—西南方向,但三者空间重心的移动方向各不相同。城镇空间的核密度测算高值由中部向多核扩散转变,农业空间核密度测算值呈现“一横一纵”两条高密度带,生态空间核密度测算高值主要分布在冀北和冀西南。（4）人均GDP和公路里程是国土空间格局变化的主要驱动因素,影响强度因区域经济发展水平的不同存在明显的差异。研究结论：京津冀应充分考虑区域经济发展水平的差异性,结合空间规划目标,对国土空间分类管理;重视经济发展和交通设施对国土空间格局的影响,以实现资源优化配置。     

山区县域国土空间功能区划分实证研究

以康定市国土空间规划及地理信息数据为基础，构建山区县域国土空间适宜性评价模型，研究基于国土空间适宜性评价的功能片区划分方法，支撑山区县域乡村国土空间规划工作。结果表明，康定市国土空间适宜带与基本地形相似，从整体上呈现“两纵一横一片”的空间分布，根据其发展特色，将市域划分为产业及人口聚集区、生态功能保育区、农牧业发展区3个国土空间功能分区。     

长江经济带国土空间效率差异演进及驱动机理研究

研究目的：明晰长江经济带国土空间效率的空间差异及驱动机理，协同推进重大国家战略发展区域的国土空间格局优化和社会经济高质量发展。研究方法：以长江经济带130个城市作为研究对象，运用超效率SBM模型、空间分类、核密度估计、探索性空间数据分析法进行差异格局分析，运用地理探测器方法识别驱动机理。研究结果：（1)国土空间系统兼顾城镇发展、农业生产和生态保育等重要功能，各子系统共同影响着国土空间格局的优化进程，国土空间效率由城镇空间效率、农业空间效率和生态空间效率构成，旨在强调以最小的要素投入析出最大的综合效益。（2)高效率区以上海、重庆、武汉、长沙等为核心，呈现由内向外密度递减的多核心圈层结构，低效率区呈基底状连绵分布在上游云南、贵州等地。空间关联特征具有较强的正向相关作用，各空间的关联主导类型存在差异且空间集聚效应显著，局部LISA形态呈现“小聚集大分散”的空间关联效应。（3)国土空间效率差异演进受外部社会经济和区域本底因子的双重影响，外部社会经济因素中经济发展、财政支撑、工业化进程、土地城镇化进程能够显著推动效率提升，行政面积和地形地势等内部因子也在一定程度上影响着效率的变化。研究结论：长江经济带国土空间效率区域差异明显且集聚效应显著，未来发展要时刻把握社会经济要素与资源环境要素对国土空间效率的共同驱动作用，推动区域构建优势互补、高质量发展的国土空间布局和支撑体系。     

中越边境地区国土空间功能时空演变与耦合协调

研究目的：明晰城镇、农业和生态功能的耦合协调关系,为缓解中越边境地区国土空间功能冲突提供依据。研究方法：理论推演,加权求和、耦合协调度模型。研究结果：（1）2000—2018年,中越边境地区由生态功能主导、城镇功能拉动、农业功能抬升的国土空间综合功能呈上升态势,国土空间功能由“低水平高差距”的互竞阶段走向“高水平低差距”的优化提升阶段,自东（广西段）向西（云南段）过渡表现为递减的阶梯式变化过程,城镇功能和农业功能较高值区主要位于贸易口岸集中的东南部,生态功能以较高值区为主;（2）国土空间功能由勉强协调向中级协调转型发展,广西段的耦合协调度高于云南段,耦合协调等级空间分布差异与国土空间综合功能格局吻合;（3）边境贸易水平、社会保障能力和自然环境条件等因素综合影响国土空间功能协调发展。研究结论：提高生态环境质量、边境贸易活力、边民生活水平和制定差异化的国土空间用途管制措施,是提升中越边境地区国土空间功能及其协调发展程度的重要路径。     

面向中国式现代化的国土空间格局优化：基本遵循、理论逻辑和战略任务

研究目的：立足中国式现代化五大基本特征,剖析国土空间格局优化和中国式现代化的关系,为国土空间治理体系和治理能力现代化水平的提升提供参考。研究方法：文献研究法,综合分析法。研究结果：（1）中国式现代化具有的人口规模巨大、全体人民共同富裕、物质文明和精神文明相协调、人与自然和谐共生、走和平发展道路五大特征是国土空间格局优化的基本前提、基本要求、基本原则、基本伦理和基本追求;（2）国土空间格局优化能够以“人地耦合”的基础逻辑、“规律纠偏”的功能逻辑、“文化精神”的引导逻辑、“生态文明”的支撑逻辑和“全球治理”的参与逻辑,助力中国式现代化的实现;（3）基于“需求—功能”的匹配思路,面向中国式现代化的国土空间格局优化战略任务是打造人地协调、融合均等、文明有序、优美和谐和安全共治的国土空间新格局。研究结论：中国式现代化的五大特征是国土空间格局优化的基本遵循,而国土空间格局优化则是助力中国式现代化实现的有效手段。未来,国土空间格局优化应当沿着中国式现代化的根本道路,不断提升国土空间治理体系和治理能力现代化水平。     

多尺度视角下中国城市群外部形态紧凑扩张与内部功能发育空间错配

研究目的：基于多尺度视角揭示全国21个城市群内新旧建成区功能发育水平与空间分布格局,识别外部形态紧凑扩张而内部功能发育不良错配空间并探究其驱动机理,为城市群高质量协调发展背景下国土空间精细化治理提供参考。研究方法：景观扩张指数,空间错配指数,探索性空间数据分析与Maxent模型。研究结果：（1）新增填充型建成区功能发育水平整体表现为“ 南高北低”分布特征,呈显著集聚性与“南热北冷”空间分异格局。（2）“高—高”聚集区分布于南部成渝、长三角、长江中游、海峡西岸及珠三角城市群内,“低—低”聚集区主要分布于北部京津冀与山东半岛等城市群中。（3）中国城市群填充式扩张尚未实现外部形态与内部功能的空间协同发展,多数新区功能发育相对尚不成熟,各尺度下均以蔓延式空间错配为主。（4）地形、公共服务设施、经济水平与土地价值是造成空间错配驱动因素,而各因子对其影响机制存在差异。研究结论：亟需秉持建设用地存量优化和提质增效新理念,促进新城区与老城区间各类要素合理配置与有序流动,建立健全城市群一体化协调发展机制,以此构建兼顾布局优化和品质提升的高质量国土空间开发保护新格局。     

“三区三线”为核心的统一国土空间用途管制分区研究

研究目的：面向国土空间规划,厘清“三区三线”与国土空间用途管制分区的逻辑关系,并提出管制分区的创新思路,推进以“三区三线”为核心的国土空间用途管制体系建设。研究方法：理论分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）“三区三线”以“双评价”为科学基点,是整合空间类规划分区的核心举措,是用途管制的重要抓手。（2）“三线”与“三区”的区别在于,“三线”兼具“功能区”和“管制区”的双重属性,而“三区”则侧重于“功能区”,因此需要在“三区”基础上,结合“三线”,建立统一的国土空间用途管制分区体系。（3）以“三区三线”为核心的统一国土空间用途管制分区,首先,需要建立与空间规划体系相适应的、科学的“双评价”范式;其次,构建“适宜性”与“适应性”相结合的“三区”格局优化模型;最后,依据“划管结合”原则,综合考虑功能和管控的双重要求,提出功能区与管制区融合的分区思路。（4）分区管制策略重点回答“不能做什么” “可以做什么” “可以怎么做”等问题。研究结论：划定“三区三线”是为了建立国土空间开发和保护相协调的时空秩序,规范人类对空间开发、利用和保护的各种行为。今后在统一国土空间用途管制分区的基础上,需要不断探索和完善可落地、易管理的空间用途管控制度。     

县域城乡融合发展：从边缘空间到创新空间 ——以杭州城西科创大走廊为例

研究目的：解析杭州城西科创大走廊从边缘空间到创新空间的理论逻辑与实践路径，为县域城乡融合发展提供理论支撑和实践参考。研究方法：文献研究法，归纳分析法，案例研究法。研究结果：（1）大走廊城乡融合发展经历了“组织制度建设与要素重组阶段”“制度体系完善与空间格局优化阶段”“从规划建设迈向全面优化发展新阶段”三个阶段；（2）大走廊从城乡边缘空间到创新空间的演变实现了经济空间、制度空间和社会空间相互关联、协作共存的迭代过程。研究结论：（1）构建的耦合空间生产理论与系统科学理论的分析框架有助于解析大走廊从边缘空间到创新空间的演化过程与路径；（2）未来大走廊发展应高效推动传统要素与创新要素的有机融合，提升国土空间规划、数字经济、人才生态等方面在空间生产过程中的功能耦合，推动城乡边缘空间高质量发展。     

标准地土地供应模式对城市绿色全要素生产率的影响效果及作用机制研究——基于PSM-DID的经验证据

研究目的：探究标准地土地供应模式对城市绿色全要素生产率的影响效果及作用机制，为推动经济高质量发展建言献策。研究方法：PSM-DID，中介效应模型。研究结果：（1）标准地土地供应模式的实施显著促进了城市绿色全要素生产率的提升。（2）从机制分析来看，工业结构优化和创新水平提升是标准地土地供应模式助力城市绿色全要素生产率提升的重要作用路径。相较于创新水平提升，工业结构优化在标准地土地出让模式影响城市绿色全要素生产率的过程中发挥着更加重要的中介作用。研究结论：地方政府应结合自身发展目标和现状，通过持续推行标准地土地供应模式，引导工业结构优化转型、鼓励内部技术创新和外部先进技术引进等措施促进城市绿色全要素生产率提升，助力经济高质量发展。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.