宅基地使用权流转制度改革的制度经济学解析

研究目的：以“外部利润——同意一致性——宅基地制度创新”为研究主线,对江都市宅基地流转进行制度诠释,探讨蕴含其中的理论价值和政策含义。研究方法：文献资料法、理论分析法、实证分析法。研究结果：宅基地使用制度的外部环境发生了变化,外部利润显著增加,宅基地使用权流转制度具有强烈的现实需求。宅基地使用权的流转不仅能够有效弥补现行农村土地制度的不足,壮大集体经济组织实力,而且能够实现地方政府、集体经济组织和农民的共赢,达到一致同意。研究结论：宅基地使用权流转制度改革是一种较优的政策选择。     

农村异质性资源禀赋、宅基地使用权确权与农户宅基地流转:理论与来自湖北省的经验

农村自然环境、地理区位、经济区位等资源禀赋的差异使得农户对宅基地使用权确权的制度效应的敏感度不同,并可能导致他们不同的宅基地流转响应行为。本文试图在分析宅基地使用权确权的制度效应基础上,利用倍差法和有序Probit模型分析近郊农村、远郊纯农村和远郊风景秀丽农村宅基地使用权确权对农户宅基地流转行为的影响,以评价确权的政策实施绩效,期待能为提高农村宅基地配置和利用效率提供理论借鉴和实证支持。研究表明:(1)宅基地使用权确权仅在近郊农村对农户宅基地流转行为有显著的正向驱动作用,而在远郊纯农村和远郊风景秀丽农村不存在显著影响。(2)除确权因素外,户主年龄、农户家庭人口数、农户家庭非农就业人数占比和宅基地拥有状况对农户的宅基地流转行为也存在较显著的影响,但在3类农村地区的具体影响存在一定差异。研究认为,在当前中国农村宅基地产权制度尚不完善的情况下,宅基地使用权确权是保障农户权益、促进农村闲置宅基地合理流动的重要举措,但应根据农村资源禀赋的差异执行差别性的宅基地确权和流转管理政策。     

农村宅基地使用权抵押的法律问题研究

作为农地产权流转的主要形式,宅基地使用权抵押有助于释放宅基地经济价值,拓宽农户融资渠道,促进农村社会发展。农村宅基地使用权抵押牵扯到现行立法、宅基地登记确权、价值评估、农地贷款金融机构、社会保障制度等多方面问题,对此,建议完善相关立法、做好宅基地使用权登记工作、建立价值评估体系、成立专门的农地金融机构、完善农村社会保障制度。     

村庄信用对集体经营性建设用地流转效率的影响路径——基于江苏省多个村庄的组态分析

研究目的：以江苏省29个村庄为案例，探讨村庄诚信度、合规度及践约度信用资本对农村集体经营性建设用地流转效率的影响机制，为农村集体经营性建设用地的市场建设提供政策建议。研究方法：模糊集定性比较分析法（fsQCA）。研究结果：（1）构建了基于“村庄资本→信用评价→土地市场”的分析框架；（2）单一条件并非是高集体经营性建设用地流转效率的必要条件，但是提高民间借贷活跃度和村庄信用户比例对高集体经营性建设用地流转效率发挥着普适作用；（3）在信用资本评价模型下，江苏省典型村庄通过整合自身资源提高集体经营性建设用地流转效率存在4种组态，可归纳为3种类型：诚信型、诚信合规型、诚信践约型；（4）苏南、苏北地区根据发展情况，提高土地流转效率的关键不同。研究结论：苏北地区可通过加强党组织建设、提升村庄集体经济、理顺村组织权责关系等方式，构建制度信任，降低委托代理风险；苏南地区可通过加强集体组织建设、发挥乡绅乡贤乡才协调作用、做好确权登记发证等方式，提高民间信用水平，降低农户诚信履约风险，共同推动城乡土地市场建设。     

宅基地流转的实践路径、权利结构与制度回应

从改革政策和试点实践来看,宅基地流转沿着农户自决和集体主导的双重路径展开。农户流转农房引致宅基地使用权流转,本集体经济组织成员以外的社会主体因农房转让或者抵押而取得房屋所有权的,同时取得宅基地法定租赁权;如果农房流转作为经营性用途的,理应由农民集体为农房受让人设定集体经营性建设用地使用权。在集体主导宅基地流转场合,农户实现户有所居,社会主体通过集体出让取得集体经营性建设用地使用权。宅基地流转的制度设计,需要通过集体权能充实和成员资格认定,落实集体土地所有权,保障农户居住资格利益;社会主体取得的宅基地权利应因宅基地流转路径的不同,而类型化构造为宅基地法定租赁权和集体经营性建设用地使用权。     

农户对宅基地使用权确权效应的认知研究—— 以武汉市为例

研究目的:通过分析农户对宅基地使用权确权效应的认知差异及其原因,为提高确权政策的实施绩效、促进农民宅基地合理流转提供一定依据。研究方法:描述性统计分析和有序Probit模型。研究结果:宅基地使用权确权具有一定的产权制度效应、经济效应及社会效应,但城市近郊农村、远郊纯农村和远郊风景秀丽区等不同类型农村的农户对确权效应的认知存在一定差异。(1)在产权制度效应方面,受益于政策宣传,三类农户均认识到确权具有法律上的产权安全效应,但远郊农户更倾向认为宅基地的财产权利与确权无关;城市近郊及远郊风景秀丽区农户比远郊纯农区农户更认可确权具有的产权排他性;离城市越近、受市场化影响越强烈的农村,农户的宅基地完整财产权利意识越强烈。(2)经济效应的认知上,大多数农户认为宅基地使用权确权后可自由交易且收益应全部归自己所得,仅有5.97%、4.44%和2.94%的近郊、远郊纯农区和远郊风景秀丽区的农户同意将流转收益在自己、国家和集体间进行分配。(3)农户对宅基地使用权确权的社会效应认可度较高,特别是近郊和远郊风景秀丽区农户认为宅基地使用权确权对促进社会公平、改善干群关系、减少邻里纠纷等方面具有较显著的意义。(4)农户所处区域的自然经济区位对农户认知的影响显著,同时受教育程度越高、家庭非农收入占比越大的农户越能清楚认知确权效应。研究结论:不同类型农户对确权效应的认知程度不同而可能影响确权的预期效果,因而有必要针对不同类型农村执行差别化的确权管理政策,以提高农村宅基地确权的政策实施绩效。     

"三权分置"视角下的 农村宅基地制度改革思考 ——以重庆市大足区为例

宅基地"三权分置"是助推乡村振兴的重要手段。重庆市大足区作为农村土地制度三项试点和宅基地"三权分置"试点之一,在面对宅基地占集体建设用地比重大、布局散乱、确权未实现覆盖、隐形流转现象存在的情况下,积极探索、勇于创新,通过实施地票制度、合理界定集体经济组织成员资格、有效盘活闲置农房和宅基地、探索宅基地有偿使用和有偿退出以及建立宅基地流转配套制度,探索出了一条西南丘陵山区宅基地"三权分置"的新路子。结合大足实践,本文尝试构建了宅基地"三权分置"的制度框架,并强调要强化集体经济组织自治,落实宅基地集体所有权;坚守耕地保护红线,保障农户宅基地资格权;规范流转制度,放活宅基地使用权,以促进农村繁荣、农业增效、农民增收。     

“三权分置”影响农村土地收益分配的机理研究*——基于收益权的视角

[目的]通过揭示"三权分置"影响农村土地收益分配的具体机理,可为"三权分置"政策的深入实施与丰富完善提供有效思路。[方法]文献分析法、逻辑分析法和政策文本分析法。[结果]"三权分置"有效推动土地流转之后,由于规模经济实现经营者收益增加;直接增加承包者流转收益并由于非农就业增加实现承包者工资收益增加;由于集体经营性建设用地入市实现集体所有权收益增加;由于宅基地入市实现集体与农民收益增加。"三权分置"保障土地收益权益的机理为:强化土地征用补偿权益保障实现所有者、承包者与经营者财产性收益增加;强化土地、房屋抵押担保权益保障实现承包者与经营者财产性收益增加;强化土地经营权益保障实现经营者转移收益增加。"三权分置"可能带来的风险传导机理是:可能导致地权人格化进一步侵犯所有权收益,以及宅基地入市可能导致农民收益分配不均。[结论]基于土地收益权视角,应加快确权、培育新型农业经营主体、推动农村劳动力转移推动土地流转;完善土地立法,提供法律保障;重塑农村集体经济组织,落实集体土地收益权利。     

当农民还是做市民:宅基地确权对农民市民化意愿的影响——来自CRHPS2019的微观证据

宅基地确权不仅具有劳动力的转移效应,还具有劳动力配置的市民化效应。本文利用CRHPS2019数据,考察了宅基地确权对农民市民化意愿的影响及其作用机制。研究表明:一是宅基地确权能够显著提升农民市民化意愿,但确权的市民化效应具有明显时滞性,确权达到10年才能对农民市民化意愿起到显著促进作用;二是宅基地确权的市民化效应具有异质性,对高工资性收入农民、拥有较少宅基地块数农民、社会资本较为丰富农民,宅基地确权对农民市民化意愿具有更加显著促进作用;三是产权安全性、宅基地流转和贷款可能性在宅基地确权对农民市民化意愿的影响中起到中介作用,宅基地确权的市民化效应需要通过占有权和收益权的强化机制来实现。本文研究结果为宅基地确权在推进以人为核心的新型城镇化方面的作用提供了有益启示。     

集体主导盘活闲置宅基地的实践路径及制度规范

研究目的：明晰宅基地的盘活形式由“农户自主流转”向“集体主导、统筹流转”的模式转变，探索集体主导盘活闲置宅基地的实践路径及制度规范。研究方法：比较分析法、逻辑演绎法。研究结果：（1)集体主导盘活的试点路径可总结为委托流转、转权流转和扩权流转。（2)路径局限：农户退出意愿掣肘盘活效率、地性转换易导致宅基地面积缩减、受让方权利名称及属性未明晰、单一赋权逻辑较难契合多元流转形式。（3)委托代理方式以及宅基地经营权的规范构造可为集体盘活路径所吸收。研究结论：宅基地用途应适当向经营性利用扩张，农村集体经济组织作为盘活主体和宅基地所有权人，应在充分尊重农户退出意愿的基础上，为受让人设立宅基地经营权，由此构建以农户退出意愿为前提的多元盘活路径。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.