Inequality and living standards under early communism: Anthropometric evidence from Czechoslovakia, 1946–1966

A sample of adolescent heights and weights from the Czechoslovak city of Liberec is analyzed to shed light on the changes in biological standard of living between 1946 and 1966, the early years of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. The long-term trend in average height was upwards for all social groups but differences in stature between social groups were about as large as in Communist Czechoslovakia as in market economies, such as the UK. Sons of blue-collar fathers and of parents employed in agriculture were generally shorter than sons of clerks and professional employees (teachers, doctors, lawyers). The anthropometric record also suggests that in the immediately post-war years inequality was greater than in the late 1950s and early 1960s.     

关于“中世纪”的再认识

传统史学观点认为中世纪是"黑暗年代",但一个暗无天日的年代是不可能孕育出璀璨的现代文明,中世纪并不都是一个沉睡的、可怕的年代,而是一个充满变化的时代,斩断了中世纪与现代的根脉,现代西方文明就成了无本之末、无源之水。     

日本的生活保护法对完善我国最低保障制度的启发

日本在1950年建立了新生活保护法以来,已经经过了50多年的历史。50多年中生活保护法作为最后的安全网保障着日本贫困人口的最低生活水平,维护着社会安定,为日本发展经济提供了安定的社会条件。我国1999年城市最低保障制度已经全面开始实施了,近年越来越多的农村人口也被纳入最低生活保护的安全网之中。本文通过具体数据介绍日本的生活保护制度的提出背景、现状、内容、保障标准等,得到一些启发,提出了一些对完善我国最低生活保障制度的思考。     

乡村精英在低保分配中的行动逻辑——以湖北省J村为例

农村最低生活保障制度是现代社会保障体系的重要组成部分,是促进农村经济发展和维护社会稳定的客观需要。在低保分配过程中,居于"强有力"的位置上的乡村精英利用资源与权力的双重优势实行公共权力的私人化运作,而信息垄断与规则变通则是乡村精英在低保分配中的行动逻辑。     

PHYSICAL STATURE IN NINETEENTH‐CENTURY NEW ZEALAND: A PRELIMINARY INTERPRETATION

During the late nineteenth century, the physical stature of New Zealand‐born men stagnated, despite an apparently beneficial public health environment and growth in per‐capita incomes. We examine trends and differentials in male stature through World War I enlistment and casualty records. Stature varied by social class, with professionals and men in rural occupations substantially taller than their peers. There is not enough evidence to show that the indigenous Maori population differed in height from men of European descent. Stagnation in stature in late nineteenth‐century New Zealand is consistent with patterns observed in Australia, North America, and Western Europe.     

CONSUMPTION OF COTTON CLOTH IN INDIA, 1795–1940

Using data on the production and usage of cotton, the paper develops estimates for the production and consumption of cotton cloth in India during 1795–1940, and based on these numbers, revisits three issues central to interpretations of economic change in colonial India. These are trends in levels of living, the correlation between production of textiles and consumption of textiles, and consumption of clothing in India in relation to the rest of the world. Average consumption of cotton cloth in India rose even as production declined, while real income grew more slowly, if at all, than the consumption of clothing.     

建立农村最低生活保障制度的探索

建立农村最低生活保障制度是实现社会公平的基本要求,也是促进农村经济发展的需要。目前我国农村最低生活保障任务艰巨,在试点建设中存在诸如缺乏法律保障、资金不足、保障对象和标准确定困难等问题,需采取积极措施加强农村最低生活保障制度建设。     

浙江城乡居民生活水平的对比分析

用定性分析与定量研究相结合的方法．对浙江省城乡居民生活水平进行对比分析,研究城镇居民与农村居民的生活质量与差距,探讨城乡居民生活水平差距的原因和趋势,寻求持续稳定提高农村居民生活水平的主要途径。这对促进农村经济持续稳定增长,缩小城乡居民生活水平差距,保证社会和谐发展有着重要的现实意义。     

智力资本国际化与上海人才管理模式创新

随着智力资本国际化进程的加快,上海面临的形势严峻.人才政策创新应当以人才的国际化、市场化和开放化为方向.应加快形成人才开放格局和多元投资格局,创新人才工作机制,在党政机关公务员序列可试行雇员制、合同制和聘任制;改进专业技术职务考核评定标准并实行柔性和宽松的户籍管理制度;设立移民局;修改传统法规,关注人才安全.     

Social mobility in the early middle ages

Estimates of inequality of living standards based on average height differences between socioeconomic strata are likely biased if the social status of some individuals changed during their lifetime. Height differences estimated from skeletal remains, reflecting living standards during childhood and adolescence, are probably too small if social status is inferred based on grave goods which are associated with the individuals’ social status at the time of their death. The higher the level of social mobility, the more distinguished individuals will not have had a privileged childhood and, therefore, have the biological characteristics of the disadvantaged group. In a newly assembled sample of individual level anthropometric data from 26 early medieval row grave cemeteries in south-western Germany, men buried with a long sword in their grave were on average about 3 cm taller than the others. In a simple model of the mechanics of the social-mobility bias, this height difference, together with parameters from the literature, implies a level of social mobility typical of small-scale agricultural or pastoral societies.     

Smaller Real Regional Income Gap than Nominal Income Gap： A Price-adjusted Study

I. IntroductionSince China’s reform and opening-up, its economy has witnessed rapid growth togetherReal Regional Income Gap39 ?2006 The Authors Journal compilation ?2006 Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences with a substantial increase in household income. Sustained rapid economic growth has led to an increasingly larger “pie” for distribution. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China preliminary estimation indicated that GDP …     

“中国梦”实现过程的中国经济总量和人民生活水平预测

文章分析了“中国梦”实现的三个阶段中,中国经济总量和人民生活水平将会发生的变化。文章预测：按实际汇率换算,2021年中国经济总量将超越美国成为世界第一经济大国,此时中国的人民生活水平将达到当时的世界平均水平;2049年中国的人民生活水平将达到世界高收入国家90%的生活水平;2065年中国的人民生活水平将达到最发达国家的生活水平,进而全面实现几代中国人梦寐以求的中华民族的伟大复兴。     

基于技术标准的企业国际化路径选择研究

基于高通和华为两个公司国际化路径的实证分析检测和表明,标准主导者的国际化路径始于对核心技术的强大研发能力及对产业和市场的先占优势,后者则拥有后发优势和信息优势.但无论选择哪一类路径,企业的技术标准化策略都起重要作用.这些对于通过实施技术标准战略进行国际竞争的企业有着重要的启示和指导.     

公诉证明标准探析

公诉的证明标准是指控诉机关决定提起公诉或者维持已经提起的公诉时,控诉证据必须达到的法定标准,是法律规定的运用证据证明待证事实所要达到的程度和要求。我国公诉证明标准与定罪证明标准的关系应如何界定,是当前理论与实务界讨论的热点问题。本文考察了西方主要国家公诉证     

试析家族伦理对私营企业用人模式的影响

当前我国大多数私营企业的用人模式呈现“家企同构”的特征,家族伦理是“家企同构”用人模式产生的深层文化基础。家族伦理嵌入私营企业用人机制中,既可能成为私营企业产生和扩张的动力。也可能成为企业进一步发展的阻力。     

增进和维护高校贫困生心理健康的对策

贫困生作为大学生中一个特殊的群体,其心理健康问题越来越引起人们的关注。认真掌握和分析他们的心理特征,研究和探讨促进其身心健康的对策,并从完善贫困生助学体系、健全心理咨询服务体系、加强贫困生思想教育等几个方面引导贫困生走出心理困境。     

基于计量模型的城市居民最低生活保障标准研究——以江苏省为例

最低生活保障制度被称为社会保障体系中的“最后一道安全网”,最低生活保障标准过低,不能满足低保户最低生活需求,过高又不利于激励低保户的再就业,可见低保标准的确立十分关键。因此,文章对江苏省2007年调整后的13个城市居民低保标准与主要经济指标的相关关系进行了研究,并建立了优选模型,认为在调整城市居民低保标准时应考虑的主要因素是人均GDP和人均消费支出,据此文章又对13个城市当期和未来三年的低保标准分别进行了实证分析。