旅游绅士化:概念、类型与机制

在全球化背景下,旅游业愈益成为城市经济发展、竞争力提升的重要战略手段.在许多城市出现了投资较高、规模巨大的旅游休闲娱乐项目,这些大型旅游项目往往都与城市更新与改造紧密相关,深刻地影响着城市社会、经济、文化等各个方面,并逐渐形成一种旅游绅士化倾向,即通过大型旅游和娱乐项目开发而引起的城市中某些地域的重新建设,从而使其周边邻里地区发展成为富裕、独立区域的社会现象.本文依据依托物的不同,提出了3种旅游绅士化类型,借鉴旅游地生命周期理论,划分了旅游绅士化发展的4个阶段,并且分析了在全球与地方互动环境下,地方政府、房地产开发商在旅游绅士化中的作用机制,以及大型旅游休闲娱乐项目在重塑地区旅游和休闲娱乐环境中的重要角色.     

城市游憩导向的公园绿地深度开发——以上海市为例

公园绿地是一类重要的城市游憩资源,城市游憩对公园绿地开发有重要的导向作用.本文首先通过比较游憩和旅游在设施、目的地等方面选择上的差异,来说明城市游憩对于公园绿地功能开发的意义;其次通过分析政府导向型公园绿地开发存在的问题,引出城市游憩导向的概念;再次通过比较城市游憩导向的公园绿地开发与传统园林绿化的不同特点,构建城市游憩导向的概念框架;第四,通过对城市游憩导向概念框架中深度开发的内涵解析,探讨公园绿地发展的新方向;最后,以上海市为例,从综合开发、整体开发、开发内容的深化以及管理模式的更新等4个方面对城市游憩导向的公园绿地深度开发进行了实证研究.     

A sociopsychological approach to vacation and mobility in touristic sites

Several aspects of socio-psychological research are presented dealing with relationships between transport, leisure, and tourism in France. The socio-psychological approach to long distance travel for leisure and vacation purposes is illustrated by recent studies of family mobility: for instance, family decision-making, sociability and travel, territorial behavior and the “territorialisation” process, and change processes related to the family life-cycle. Traffic problems in touristic sites are also considered. An attempt at an action-research approach shows how traffic management in urban areas could benefit from the use of socio-psychological survey data. The diagnosis, forecasts and evaluation of travel behavior could be made more effective through more active cooperation between traffic policymakers, traffic engineers and social scientists.     

北京郊区休闲度假旅游用地现状及未来趋势研究

文章分析了北京郊区高尔夫球场、滑雪场、度假村和主题公园四大类型休闲度假旅游用地现状及未来增长,认为近期和远期北京郊区休闲度假旅游用地将比2005年分别增长0.62万公顷和1.36万公顷.文章还分析了未来休闲度假旅游用地供给可能性,认为部分用地需求能够得到供给保障,部分用地需求则无法保障.最后提出北京郊区休闲度假旅游用地将呈现出集约化发展、复合化利用和向边界外围周边地区转移三大趋势.     

城市旅游再造——一种文化可持续发展的新思维

城市旅游研究有长期的历史.文章从新的角度较为系统地综述了城市旅游这个并不新颖、但却值得深入探索的问题,在西方文献的基础上提出了一些关于城市旅游发展创新性的思想和理论构架,并指出了未来几个重要的研究方向,如城市中旅游集聚造成的拥挤问题、城市遗产类旅游资源空间格局研究(包括非物质文化遗产的空间分布对城市发展的影响)、城市旅游规划中广泛存在的“复制与粘贴”问题对城市旅游竞争力的损害以及城市舞台化旅游发展中存在的种种问题等.在此基础上,文章结合中国城市旅游发展的研究现状,提出中国城市旅游发展可以借鉴的一些国际先进经验,以及在借鉴这些经验过程中需要注意的问题.     

A spatial approach for the management of groundwater quality in tourist destinations

Water resources and tourism need to be thought of in an integrated way, in order to provide urban planners and tourism managers with tools to promote water security and water equity. The objective of this paper was to apply an index capable of identify problems at the water-tourism interface, based on a spatial approach in GIS, meant to support the management of groundwater quality in tourist destinations. This index was applied to a tourist destination in northeastern Brazil, which uses groundwater to maintain its tourism infrastructure. The geographic phenomenon analyzed showed a spatial pattern between water use and tourism, with probable influences in hydrochemistry of groundwater. We suggest that the use of the propose index associated to GIS may be part of strategic planning efforts contemplating the interaction between tourism, urban management and water security, thus guaranteeing the infrastructure essential to strengthening the economy of a tourist destination.     

Lifestyle Segmentation in Tourism and Leisure

ABSTRACT

This article examines three different approaches to lifestyle segmentation in improving the quality of tourism and leisure marketing decisions in three separate cases. Tourism and leisure products are prototypical lifestyle purchase yet in many tourism research studies visitors are described by demographics or tourism behaviour only. These cases illustrate different approaches to lifestyle segmentation. Firstly, there are segmentation schemes based on external logic that can be broadly applied across a range of markets, including tourism and leisure. Alternatively, there are schemes that are based on a 'conversation' with the data and which rely on an internal logic within that data that may not transfer to other market contexts. Between these two lie schemes that apply external paradigms to specific datasets. The cases selected illustrate points along this spectrum.

The first case study examines the use by government tourism organizations of lifestyle segmentation 'bought in' from an external source. Here lifestyle segmentation data is collected from a representative sample of the Australian population as part of a commercial “single source” data set. The second case is based on a regional tourism study, which has utilized prior theory to develop its own lifestyle segmentation and at the same time related this to boarder characteristics of tourists in Tropical North Queensland. The third case examines the development of tailored lifestyle segmentation among 'event' spectators based on purely internal criteria unrelated to the broader population. These cases provide insight into the appropriate development and application of lifestyle segmentation and the use of the data by tourism and leisure managers. Managers may think about the type of lifestyle segmentation approach required based on how the segmentation scheme results need to be related to the wider market or population.     

The promise of creative/participatory mapping practices for sport and leisure research

This paper provides an introduction to the concept of creative participatory mapping of human–environment relations. It is identified that within human geography, artistic practice and urban design, biomapping and similar community mapping tools and methodologies are increasingly being embraced. However, within sports and leisure research the concept has yet to gain academic attention. Consequently, this paper provides a basis for thinking about how researchers and research participants in the fields of sport and leisure research might benefit if mapping human–environment relations was to be embraced and integrated into research design practices. Referencing recent turns to studying space and affect within sport and leisure studies, mapping is argued to offer innovative methodological opportunities for studying how people relate to and understand the urban environments in which they practice physical activity and leisure forms of embodiment. The paper concludes by arguing that, along with offering up new avenues for conceptual research, mapping human–environment relations, if readily embraced, can go a long way to fostering community engagement in: the identification of (un)safe urban routes for sport/leisure practice (e.g. running, cycling), the development and site identification of health/physical activity initiatives and the design of urban landscapes of sport/leisure.     

关于旅游与休闲研究方法的思考

本文就旅游与休闲研究方面的问题谈几点认识。包括如下4个方面的思考：①研究方法在休闲探索中的涵义；②唯一可行的方法；③休闲探索的切入点；④休闲探索给我们带来些什么。     

Going for gold as a leisure tourism continuum: clustering motivations for gold panning revisit intention

The way in which people use their spare time differs. Leisure activities and tourism are among the most common of these. Gold panning is a rather unusual niche leisure and tourism activity. Despite some differences, leisure and tourism are generally interrelated in many ways, thus gold panning, is a good example of the leisure tourism continuum. In this study, gold panning is considered as a set of leisure activities within the context of tourism. The aim of the paper is to determine the profile of a gold panner based on their motivations. Therefore, respondents are clustered by means of motivation into two homogenous groups defined as ‘nature seekers’ and ‘true gold panners’. The results suggest that the clusters differ significantly with regards to age, education and marital status, but also in terms of the degree of interest in gold and revisit intention. The originality of the research lies in the fact that gold panning as a leisure activity has seldom been explored under the guise of a leisure and tourist context within existing literature, especially through the means of quantitative research.     

The Problem of Motivation in Understanding the Demand for Leisure Day Visits

Abstract

Motivation for leisure travel has been an equivocal aspect of the study of leisure travel. Psychological theory has been useful providing conceptions of tourism motivation based on drives and needs, however, operational problems occur using attitude constructs which have varying degrees of predictive ability. This paper offers an alternative approach to the problems of motivation, taking a pheno-menological approach to the issues, using ethno-methodological techniques in a logical, sociologically grounded analysis of conversational interview data.     

Autonomous vehicles and the future of urban tourism

Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) have the potential to disrupt all industries tied to transport, including tourism. This conceptual paper breaks new ground by providing an in-depth imaginings approach to the potential future far-reaching implications of CAVs for urban tourism. Set against key debates in urban studies and urban tourism, we discuss the enchantments and apprehensions surrounding CAVs and how they may impact cities in terms of tourism transport mode use, spatial changes, tourism employment and the night-time visitor economy, leading to new socio-economic opportunities and a range of threats and inequities. We provide a concluding agenda that sets the foundation for a new research sub-field on CAVs and tourism, of relevance to urban planners, policymakers and the tourism industry.     

城市旅游定位的战略方法——以天津城市旅游为例

城市旅游发展过程中,定位问题成为诸多城市发展城市旅游的首要障碍.本研究首先分析了天津城市旅游定位战略方面存在的重要误区.然后对城市旅游定位的双核驱动机制进行了深入分析,阐明了城市旅游定位的基本方法论.并在此基础上分析了城市旅游定位的要素提炼方法,为城市旅游定位提供直接依据.最后结合天津的情况提出了天津城市旅游定位的战略构想.本文旨为城市旅游定位提供战略方法的理论支持.     

Development of advanced tourism studies in Holland

Bodewes, Theo, Development of Advanced Tourism Studies in Holland. Annals of Tourism Research 1981, VIII(1):35–51. The entry of tourism studies into the field of advanced education is often a difficult process. Theory and practice sometimes serve conflicting interests. In the Netherlands an option has been taken for a theoretical, multi-disciplinary approach with links to the field of practice. Within this framework, tourism is indissolubly connected with leisure and recreation, leisure being the core of studies. This implies that the universities should educate leisure economists, leisure sociologists, etc., and that advanced professional educational institutions should educate leisure experts. This paper discusses whether the problems and solutions in the Netherlands are recognizable and/or useful abroad, and whether one institution can learn from the experiences of others.     

上海休闲旅游特色街空间结构及成因研究

休闲旅游特色街,作为上海都市旅游业发展的重要组成部分,日益受到关注和重视.本文通过对休闲旅游特色街空间结构的实证研究,在明确其空间分布现状以及构成特点的基础上,试图解读其多元化的形成原因,从而为休闲旅游特色街的深度开发和合理调整提供科学的依据.     

Places around us: embodied lay geographies in leisure and tourism

Places are one pervasive component of leisure and tourism. Leisure and tourism include encounters with place. Encounters with other people and material things, imagination and memory occur in places. In social science increasing attention is being given to the human individual as productive in everyday practices, as producer rather than consumer. This position is informed through a discussion of the phenomena of embodiment, the human subject and practise. In this paper these elements are outlined and attention directed to ways in which these inform thinking about place in leisure and tourism. These elements are considered in relation to the sensuous, social and poetic dimensions of embodiment. Embodiment denotes the ways in which the individual grasps the world around her/him and makes sense of it in ways that engage both mind and body. It is argued that these dimensions offer a route into a more human-oriented comprehension of leisure and tourism than has been prevalent in much recent work in leisure and tourism studies, and thus provides ground for a more inclusive approach to policy in the new millennium. It is important to note that this emphasis on the human individual in no sense draws away from recognition of other contextual concerns which are on the contrary given more affective consideration.     

广东城市海外旅游发展动力因子量化分析

作为现代旅游的支撑点，城市旅游引起了多方的注意。然而国内外对城市旅游的研究却还处于起步阶段，对有关动力系统问题的专题讨论更少之又少，并且已有的关于城市旅游发展动力问题的探讨基本都是一种经验性的定性分析或个案研究，尚无定量研究和数学方法的应用。本文在给出旅游发展8大动力因子的基础上，以广东省14个地级市为例，试图通过量化的途径对城市海外旅游发展的各动力因子作定性与定量相结合的分析，并在提示现状的基础上对将来的变化作出预测。     

旅游口号创意模式的尺度差异研究

旅游口号是传递目的地形象的有效工具,是旅游营销策划的关键内容。文章拓展了旅游口号创意模式的分类视角。从文字长度、短语结构、地名信息和诉求倾向等4个角度对省区、城市和景区等3种目的地尺度的116个旅游口号展开统计分析,研究发现：（1）总体上,8字长度（主要是“4＋4”形式）的标型口号比重最高,而目的地尺度越小,越倾向于使用长型口号模式来进行创意设计;（2）无论哪种目的地尺度,绝大多数短语类型的旅游口号均属于“偏正词组＋偏正词组”的组合方式,在创意设计上具有显著的目的地修饰导向;（3）超过半数的旅游口号采取了地名涵盖型的创意模式。相对城市和景区而言,省区目的地对地名信息的涵盖最为普遍;（4）立足资源属性型诉求倾向的创意模式在3种目的地旅游口号中均占有相对优势,景区尺度尤为突出。     

Bleisure: motivations and typologies

ABSTRACT

The theme of motivation in travel and tourism research has been largely dominated by a leisure focus and has consequently failed to reflect the changing landscape of business travel. This paper focuses on exploring the motivations of different types of “bleisure travelers”: individuals who combine leisure with professional business obligations when abroad. We employ a multi-disciplinary mixed-methods approach, using photo-elicitation to identify and describe five types of bleisure. As existing theories of tourist motivations have mainly been developed in a leisure context, they fail to fully capture the nuanced scope and subtle context of business and leisure motives. We therefore draw upon experiential learning, boundary-less career theory, expectancy theory, and social capital theory in order to put forward contemporary insights on the nexus between business and leisure tourism.     

转型期居民对城市公园免费开放的感知分析——以广州市为例

转型期城市公园的免费开放是城市政府及公园管理部门面临的迫切任务,然而,国内外学术界鲜有关于居民对公园管理政策感知的研究.在2009年广州市施行公园免费开放政策背景下,文章以市区5个典型城市公园为对象,对公园访问者进行了随机抽样调查,运用因子分析、方差分析等定量方法对问卷数据进行统计分析,研究发现:1.近半数被访者对公园免费开放政策持肯定态度,近1/3的被访者反对该政策,其余持中立态度;2.分析居民对公园免费开放政策的感知因子,得出3个正面感知公因子和4个负面感知公因子;3.运用方差分析研究了不同人口学特征群体对公园免费开放政策的感知差异,发现不同年龄、职业群体对“丰富市民休闲生活”、“促进休闲旅游业发展”等正面公因子和“导致商品娱乐设施价格上涨”、“影响公园休闲环境”等负面因子的差异明显.最后,根据公园免费开放存在的问题,提出了改善公园管理政策的相关建议.