An empirical Coasian study on the socio-economic profiles of two politically sensitive informal settlements: Kowloon Walled City and Rennie’s Mill

Informed by the “corollary of Coase Theorem” (Lai and Hung, 2008; Lai et al., 2007), for a better understanding of the self-help post-war development of two politically sensitive and vanished places in Hong Kong, the so-called “Kowloon Walled City” (Lai, 2016; Lai and Chua, 2017; Lau et al., 2018) and Rennie’s Mill (Lan, 2006), which have attracted academic interest but remained under-researched in terms of empirical scrutiny, this study:

• •Identify and compare their institutional arrangements by archival research;
• •identify and compare their development outcomes, as measured by census and other official data including mapping and photographic information, supplemented by published oral history of witnesses; and
• •establish and discuss the relationship between the differences in institutional arrangements and development outcomes in terms of a landlord-tenant analogy.

     

Intermediate levels of property rights and the emerging housing market in Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam

Vietnam introduced a Policy of Renovation (‘Doi Moi’ Policy) to restructure the economy in 1986. Under this policy, the Land Use Right Certificate was introduced as a form of tenure for agricultural land and urban land, according to the Land Laws of 1987 and 1993, respectively. However, by 2001, most properties and/or land in Vietnam still did not have a legal title. Although Vietnam's land reforms in the 1990s provided some of the weakest private rights among the transition countries, big cities like Ho Chi Minh City are presently homes to thriving housing markets. Transactions of ‘property without a physical entity and legal title’ in the real estate market show how property ownership can be formed in order to operate within different institutional contexts. This paper highlights that ‘intermediate levels of property rights’ are the driving forces behind the thriving housing market in Ho Chi Minh City.     

Property rights and housing prices: An empirical study of small property rights housing in Shenzhen,China

Small Property Rights Housing (SPRH) is an important part of informal housing in China. SPRH is defined as housing developed with collective land ownership that is then sold to outside homebuyers such as non-indigenous villagers. This housing practice is legally forbidden and comes without formal titles. SPRH is popular in big Chinese cities where formal housing prices are constantly rising and increasingly unaffordable for many urban residents. However, research on SPRH is rare. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects (or the lack thereof) of de-jure property rights on housing prices by using the empirical case of Shenzhen where SPRH and FPRH estates constitute the main sources of urban housing for its residents. We collected both SPRH and formal Full Property Right Housing (FPRH) data in the Shenzhen housing market and adopted the Boundary Fixed Effect method and matching strategy to mitigate the bias caused by unobservable location and neighborhood factors. This empirical study shows that the lack of de-jure property rights has negative and significant effects on housing prices. The average housing price for SPRH apartments is, ceteris paribus, 52.82% lower than for formal FPRH apartments. Also, the premium of property rights varies across two administrative regions with different locations and economic environments, and the premium decreases as the age of the building increases.     

资源型城市可持续发展研究--以湖南耒阳市为例

如何实现可持续发展,是所有资源型城市必须面临的严峻问题;以耒阳市为例,探讨了资源型城市的可持续发展问题,分析了耒阳市目前存在的主要问题,构建出以“可持续发展水平”“可持续发展能力”“可持续发展协调度”为支撑的耒阳市可持续发展评价指标体系,对耒阳市可持续发展作出评价,提出了耒阳市实现可持续发展的对策和建议。     

The impact of collaboration on research about rural buildings and landscape: A case study in Italy

The importance of collaboration among peers in science is widely investigated: an essential issue is the relevance of credits shared among scholars for the good faith and cooperation in research projects. Despite its significance, so far in Italy the usefulness of collaboration in research activities is not taken in due consideration by both scientific community and research assessment bodies. In this study, the main aim is at investigating the actual up today extent of scientific collaboration among colleagues belonging to the Italian Scientific Disciplinary Sector (SDS) “AGR10 Rural buildings and agro-forest land planning”. We focus on research projects dealing with territory, landscape and rural buildings with the scope of raising consciousness on the key role of collaboration with other SDSs, international institutions or organizations. We harvested data through an on-line questionnaire about several research projects, scrutinized the responses, and found that the core area of current research developed by AGR10 colleagues includes topics concerning the analysis and planning of landscape. Furthermore, we found that the design of international project proposals attains mostly rural buildings and rural heritage analysis, reuse and enhancement, rural buildings and landscape integration, and rural buildings design. While the size of partnerships on international research activities is still limited, as for external synergies the SDS AGR01 ‘Agricultural Economics and Rural Appraisal’ is the most representative, and other SDSs involving ‘Ecology’ and ‘Informatics’ deserve to be mentioned. So, this study has been designed with the secondary aim of stimulating Italian -as well as other international- scientific communities in promoting similar investigations concerning the importance of collaboration and cross-fertilization for successful research activities. As a major output, official national or international research assessment authorities would be provided by a method for better appreciating the usefulness of collaboration and interdisciplinarity.     

郊野单元规划实施评估研究 ——以上海市奉贤区柘林镇为例

研究目的:探索构建郊野单元规划实施评估方法体系,并对郊野单元规划开展评估。研究方法:以柘林镇为例,构建效用函数综合评价模型,从规划编制科学性、执行情况和实施综合成效三个方面综合评估郊野单元规划实施。研究结果:柘林镇郊野单元规划实施评估综合得分90.89分,一级指标层得分从高到低依次为规划编制科学性(96.63)、实施综合成效(88.91)和规划执行情况(86.84),评分均为优。研究结论:郊野单元规划统筹协调郊野地区各类专项规划,推进集建区外低效建设用地减量,对郊区乡镇发展起到积极引导作用,但在减量时序性、林地和水面目标落实以及综合成效上仍有提升空间。规划评估有利于进一步完善实施,建议将郊野单元规划实施评估发展为年度评估,评估结果作为减量化推进政绩的考核标准。     

基于SEM的公众洪灾风险认知水平评估——以景德镇市为例

客观、准确评估公众洪灾风险认知水平将有助于提高公众参与积极性。基于保护动机理论框架,从灾前准备意识、灾中应对意识以及灾后恢复意识三方面构建评估体系,以景德镇市为例,建立公众洪灾风险认知的结构方程模型,基于路径系数评估了洪灾风险认知水平。结果表明:洪灾风险认知受灾前准备意识和灾中应对意识的直接影响,灾后恢复意识则产生间接影响,灾前准备意识对洪灾风险认知的影响程度最高;评估指标贡献率上,住宅内部损失经历的贡献率最高,应急物资准备意愿、防洪演练参与意愿的贡献率均超过4%;洪灾风险认知评估结果上,女性的风险认知水平高于男性;青年、老年人群风险认知水平较低。     

基于生态安全格局的国土综合整治关键区识别与策略研究——以辽宁省庄河市为例

研究目的：基于生态安全格局视角识别庄河市国土综合整治关键区域并针对性地实施保护策略,避免整治过程中对景观连通性和完整性的破坏,为生态型国土综合整治提供参考。研究方法：MSPA、连接度分析、成本距离分析、空间句法。研究结果：（1）从空间结构和生态功能两方面综合选取生态源地可以兼顾连通性与生态价值,空间句法的引用则对于源地及廊道的优先级确定提供了有益的补充。（2）庄河境内生态源地共计18个,面积达558.11 km2,北部山区的主要类型为林地,南部平原地区则以湿地为主;（3）生态廊道达653.67 km,由南向北逐渐复杂化、网格化,连通性逐渐增强;（4）国土综合整治关键区域中,未利用地避免开发面积5.66 km2,建设用地需减量化11.05 km2,采矿废弃地优先治理区达80.55 hm2,生态障碍点共计6处。研究结论：从生态安全格局视角出发,识别国土综合整治关键区并提出对应策略,可以有效避免传统土地整治过程中的生态流阻隔、生态孤岛等问题,为生态型国土综合整治提供了一种新的思路,也为当前空间规划的实施提供支撑,未来需探讨海陆统筹的国土整治与修复。     

基于GIS的山地城镇后备建设用地潜力及空间分布——以广东省兴宁市为例

在土地利用方式和经济发展阶段转型时期,后备建设用地潜力评价及其空间分布特征是指导区域土地资源合理利用、有序开发建设的重要基础和依据。基于Arc GIS空间分析技术,从自然条件、社会经济和生态保护三个层面建立指标体系,划分各指标因子的限制等级,利用多因素加权评价法测算后备适宜建设用地规模。利用K-均值聚类法,将后备适宜用地划分为较丰富区、一般优势区和较缺乏区3类,结合优先等级区及经济社会发展情况提出土地利用功能分区和未来建设发展方向。兴宁市后备适宜建设用地规模134.31km2,占区域土地总量的6.47%,主要聚集在中南部的宁江盆地、交通沿线和圩镇周边区域,其中优势集中区为水口、叶塘镇,为产业经济集聚区,次优势区主要分布在福兴、宁新等中心城区南部区域,是未来人口、城镇和产业布局的主要集中地,而兴田街作为主城区土地开发利用程度趋于饱和,属于后备用地较为缺乏区,其今后土地利用方向应以存量整治为主。     

水土流失景观空间自相关与自相似的尺度特征分析——以长汀县根溪河小流域为例

基于遥感、地理信息系统和景观生态学研究方法,对长汀县根溪河小流域水土流失景观格局空间自相关与分形结构及其在不同粒度下的变化特征定量分析表明,水土流失景观中的强度以上流失类型空间自相关最低而自相似性最高;空间自相关性和自相似性依赖于粒度的选择,Moran's I与各种景观类型的FRAC_AM均存在尺度效应;空间自相关随粒度增加呈下降趋势;不同景观类型的自相似性随尺度的变化没有统一规律,但多数第一个较明显的转折点出现在粒度大小为10m处。     

区域森林资源保护与发展研究——以江西吉安市为例

我国是世界上森林资源最贫之的国家之一，但自恃森林资源比较丰富的地区，森林资源的破坏仍在继续。如何保护和发展区域森林资源，是一项长期、艰巨而紧迫的任务；根据吉安市森林资源的现状、问题，提出了保护和发展的对策。     

基于景观生态学的区域土地利用结构演变及优化分析——以北京市顺义区为例

从景观生态的角度对北京市顺义区1996-2006年的土地利用结构演变进行数量与空间特征变化分析,并借助马尔科夫模型进行用地预测,获得该区土地利用演变规律:顺义区地类的面积比例呈现出均一化的特点,耕地和未利用地的数量减少,建设用地、生态用地和廊道增加,且建设用地将在10a之内代替耕地成为该区域的优势景观类型,而生态用地、廊道与未利用地将维持一个相对稳态;空间层面上,研究区整体景观的破碎度增加,聚集度减少,景观形状呈现简单化,景观异质性和多样性增强。最后,以"斑块-廊道-基质"理论为依据,构建出顺义区土地利用结构优化框架:即集中耕地形成基质,斑块的布局应该特别注重生态节点的建设和生态敏感地带的保护及建设生态廊道。     

基于POI数据的城市蔓延测度研究——以沈阳市为例

研究目的:基于POI地图大数据建立一个新的城市蔓延测算方法,并以沈阳市为例探讨城市蔓延的治理途径。研究方法:借鉴LOPEZ的居住(人口)密度测算法,从公共服务和设施配置的角度出发,提取沈阳市POI(Points of Interest)和建筑单元地理大数据,利用核密度分析法、CRITIC赋权法和自然断点分类法构建基于POI的城市蔓延指数。研究结果:沈阳市二三环间是城市蔓延的重灾区,重度蔓延面积最大,而三四环间重度蔓延比例最高;方向上,形成以NE-N方位为主要蔓延翼,NE-E和SW-S为次要蔓延翼的分布格局;行政区划上,蔓延程度最高的是浑南区和于洪区。研究结论:基于POI数据的城市蔓延测算方法,数据收集难度低且能够直观地反映出中国城市蔓延城中与城郊地区的差异,可为地方政府进行城市蔓延的分区治理提供参考。     

“带权进城”:城镇化进程中农民权益处置的一种思路

随着农村改革深入推进,农民权益不断提升。当前这种不断提升的权益却仍然与农村户籍相绑定,在一定程度上影响了新型城镇化。为了有效破解农民权益保障与新型城镇化发展之间的两难境地,有效提升新型城镇化的质量,在城镇化进程中农民权益的处置需要采取新的思路。本文指出了当前农民和农民权益之间是一种"弱连接",且这种"弱连接"将变得愈发不利于城乡融合发展,并且以增量改革和市场化改革为原则,提出了将农民权益与农民个体相绑定、与农村户籍相分离,从而实现"带权进城"的农民权益处置思路。通过浙江省德清县农村产权改革的案例,本文探讨了"带权进城"在实践中的模式、效果、启示和未尽之处,指出未来"带权进城"实践创新的重点在于农民权益的固化和盘活,最后提出了从富裕地区先行先试,尊重农户意愿,扩大城镇公共服务供给等政策建议。     

城市住房价格局部线性地理加权回归分析——以湖北省黄石市为例

研究目的:以土地稀缺、资源组团型城市——湖北省黄石市为例,尝试引入局部线性地理加权回归(LLGWR)方法,探索住房价格及影响因子的空间变化规律,为政府房地产市场管理和土地利用规划提供借鉴。研究方法:整理1.93×104个住房样本和398个楼栋样本,遴选楼栋总层数、容积率、绿化率、小区等级、距区域中心距离、销售年份等作为解释变量,采用LLGWR方法构建城市住房价格的模型,并进行分析与解释。研究结果:与常规线性回归(OLS)相比,地理加权回归(GWR)和LLGWR能更合理和准确地解释住房价格的空间变异,且LLGWR优于GWR;销售年份、容积率、地理区位能显著影响住房价格,同时楼栋总层数、绿化率等因素影响住房价格,且在不同功能片区具有明显差异。研究结论:LLGWR模型可以实现系数函数和误差方差的无偏估计,提高模型的估测精度,能更为准确地解释住房价格;宏观市场趋势是影响住房价格的关键因素,但在不同的地理区位,住房价格增长趋势有明显的差异;土地利用规划和土地供应影响房地产空间分布,但研究区内土地价格对住房价格的影响不明显。     

基于城矿协调的资源型城市采矿用地再利用研究 ——以阳泉市平定县为例

研究目的：在资源型城市的资源开采业相继进入成熟期和衰退期,绿色转型势在必行的背景下,探索矿企停产后采矿用地的再利用方向,为区域城镇发展和矿产资源开采之间的空间协调利用提供参考。研究方法：FLUS-UGB模型,基于绿色基础设施（GI）的“RIC”框架。研究结果：（1）平定县“城—矿”潜在高冲突地区面积为298.23 hm2,潜在中冲突地区面积为914.01 hm2,潜在高、中冲突区主要分布在平定县的城镇发展轴带上;（2）基于生态贡献度与城矿潜在冲突的采矿用地再利用综合研判结果表明,平定县13.48%的采矿用地适合在未来转变为城镇用地,75.58%的采矿用地适宜恢复为生态用地,10.94%的采矿用地适宜恢复为农用地。研究结论：在资源型城市产业转型以及国土空间规划体系更加致力于提高空间治理能力的背景下,推动资源型城市采矿用地与城镇空间协同发展,将成为城市转型与可持续发展的重要抓手。     

基于外部性理论的单中心城市土地经济效益测度与低效用地诊断研究

研究目的：以扬州市区为例,将互联网地价数据与AMM模型理论地价进行同径、圈层及邻域比较,实现土地经济效益的快速判断;基于外部性理论对低效用地成因进行研究。研究方法：空间插值,叠加分析,间断点分析。研究结果：（1）研究区土地经济效益呈半“W”梯度同心圆分布,可分为内、中间、外三个圈层,中间圈层东南及西南片区为城市低效用地集中分布区。（2）研究区土地经济效益存在不同性质突变点,学区、环境等经济突变点表现为河流、道路等;城中村、拆迁安置区等社会突变点表现为主干路。研究结论：（1）单中心城市土地经济效益呈圈层分布,土地经济效益区可划分为集约均衡区、低效用地区、过度集约区,分别与内、中间、外圈层相对应;（2）城市低效用地是经济外部性（学区、环境）和社会外部性（城中村、拆迁安置区人群集聚）共同作用的结果,应采取加大公共服务投入,改善区域社会结构等措施提升低效用地经济效益,进一步推动城市土地供给侧改革。     

Impacts of fragmentation and neighbor influences on farmland conversion: A case study of the Edmonton-Calgary Corridor,Canada

Under heavy development pressure, farmland is rapidly being converted to non-agricultural uses such as houses, roads, and industrial uses. A great deal of research has investigated these farmland losses and their associated drivers. However, the existing empirical studies have neglected two important issues related to farmland conversion: spillover effects from neighboring areas and the impacts of farmland fragmentation. This study incorporates fragmentation and neighboring impacts into the farmland conversion analysis and provides new insights for the land-use/cover change literature. Empirical results indicate that increases in fragmentation further encourage farmland conversion to urban uses, but the effects are not linear with decreasing marginal influences. Land-use activities and decisions have strong spillover effects on neighboring areas. Ignoring this externality could result in biased estimates and marginal effects and thus misleading policy decisions and recommendations.     

The effects of land use planning on housing spread: A case study in the region of Brest,France

This work provides a long-term study of housing development in the Brest region (France). Its main objective is to test the efficiency of the French laws and of urban planning bylaws to control housing development in the coastal zone. Based on the yearly status of available plots, a panel longitudinal analysis (1968–2009) is developed. It combines survival analyses with spatial-temporal diffusion indices, to assess their joint effects on the urban form evolution considering accessibility, proximity, spatial contiguity, temporal continuity, edge waves versus leapfrog growth, etc. That allows testing hypotheses about the diffusion processes, and the achievement of sustainable urbanism to increase density, promote adjacency and avoid urban sprawl and its detrimental effects on the environment and climate. The main finding is that national laws need land planning to deploy locally and that municipalities and stakeholders still prefer economic development over environmental conservation. That is putting emphasis on a restricted (short term) view of sustainable development.     

浙江嘉兴市“两分两换”农村土地整治模式探讨

研究目的：总结浙江省嘉兴市农村土地整治的“两分两换”模式的经验,分析问题,完善改革措施,为中国东部沿海发达地区开展农村土地整治工作提供借鉴。研究方法：用制度分析方法并结合问卷调查、咨询访谈等实证方法对“两分两换”模式的利益关系、协调机制和政策实施过程进行分析。研究结果：“两分两换”模式是中国发达地区农村土地整治的有效模式之一,具有一定的借鉴意义;但也面临现有模式不完善、财政压力大、基本农田调整等问题。研究结论：作为促进城乡统筹发展的农村土地整治重要措施,“两分两换”模式需采取科学规划、加强招商引资力度、积极培育农业龙头企业等措施解决其面临的问题。