Designing tourist experiences amidst air pollution: A spatial analytical approach using social media

In this study, we propose a spatial analytical framework to better understand tourist experiences from geotagged social media data in Beijing in 2013. Based on text analytics, deep learning classifiers, and econometric analysis, we investigated the effects of air pollution on tourists' experiences in terms of their behavioral, emotional, and health outcomes. Results indicate that a higher PM2.5 concentration led to a broader travel scope within Beijing with activities closer to the city center. Tourists reported fewer positive sentiments and more health issues due to increasing air pollution. Further, a comparison of residents and tourists revealed differential pollution sensitivity and adaptation strategies. We also developed a Web-GIS–based platform integrating various models to enable tourism planners to design better tourism experiences.     

1994～2008年西部入境旅游典型省份客流集散时空动态研究——以陕西、四川、云南为例

文章构建了入境游客转移数量模型、入境旅游流空间集中指数模型、入境旅游流转移态矩阵,基于1994～2008年入境旅游统计数据和入境游客抽样调查数据,定量测评陕西、四川、云南三省入境旅游流集聚指数与扩散指数、入境旅游流集聚态指数与扩散态指数;通过时间序列对比,揭示西部三省入境旅游流的空间集散特征与动态变化过程;通过西部三省之间的对比,分析其入境旅游流空间集散的地域差异性。研究表明：四川省入境旅游客流集散能力最强,云南省居中,陕西省最弱;中国入境旅游客流系统是一个＂东部引领西部,西部反作用于东部＂的时空地域格局复杂的动态平衡系统。文章结合历时性分析方法和共时性分析方法,选取西部三省开展入境旅游客流集散时空动态研究,旨在为探索中国西部入境旅游客流集散的时空演变特征与潜在机理提供典型案例。     

Learning patterns of tourist movement and photography from geotagged photos at archaeological heritage sites in Cuzco,Peru

The popularity of media sharing platforms in recent decades has provided an abundance of open source data that remains underutilized by heritage scholars. By pairing geotagged internet photographs with machine learning and computer vision algorithms, we build upon the current theoretical discourse of anthropology associated with visuality and heritage tourism to identify travel patterns across a known archaeological heritage circuit, and quantify visual culture and experiences in Cuzco, Peru. Leveraging large-scale in-the-wild tourist photos, our goals are to (1) understand how the intensification of tourism intersects with heritage regulations and social media, aiding in the articulation of travel patterns across Cuzco's heritage landscape; and to (2) assess how aesthetic preferences and visuality become entangled with the rapidly evolving expectations of tourists, whose travel narratives are curated on social media and grounded in historic site representations.     

媒体数据在西方旅游学中的应用研究进展

随着Web2.0技术和社会化媒体的快速发展,媒体数据在旅游学术研究中得到了广泛应用。本文以Web of Science核心合集数据库中应用媒体数据开展旅游学术研究的外文文献为对象,评估媒体数据在西方旅游学研究中的应用情况。分析发现：媒体数据在旅游学研究中的应用经历了起始探索到快速发展两个阶段;媒体数据来源以网络社交媒体为主,以传统大众媒体为辅;媒体数据应用领域主要集中在旅游目的地形象与品牌特性、媒体在危机事件中扮演的角色、旅游行为足迹与旅游流、旅游需求/动机/偏好、游客体验与情绪分析等5个方面。已有研究在媒体数据应用上存在结论的普适性、媒体数据来源的代表性、媒体数据的真实有效性等局限,建议从旅游学相关数据库、旅游媒体大数据分析方法等方面不断建设与完善。     

Tourists’ digital footprint: The spatial patterns of tourist flows in Qingdao,China

Spatial patterns of tourist flows represent the movement of tourists and show differences in tourism resources giving advice for promoting balanced and sustainable tourism development. This paper proposes a novel framework for analyzing these patterns based on tourists' digital footprint data collected from online travel diaries. Based on illustrative case study data from Qingdao (China), the framework, combining traditional quantitative and social network analysis, is able to pinpoint: (1) The influence of distance decay and attractions’ popularity on the spatial patterns of tourist flows; (2) The uneven distribution of the core tourist nodes and the existence of the structural hole phenomenon, which form a network pattern with unbalanced power and intense internal competition; (3) The formation of the core area for tourism along the coastline – as is typical for coastal tourism cities. This difference of tourism resources between coastal and inland areas, thus, remains a challenge for future tourism development in Qingdao.     

大陆居民赴台湾自由行旅游流网络分析及演化研究

随着人们旅游消费能力逐渐增强,对旅游品质的要求越来越高,自由行已经成为人们主要出游方式之一。文章以大陆居民赴台湾自由行为对象,采用数据挖掘技术采集我国最大旅游分享社区网站2009年以来的台湾自由行行程信息,构建了细粒度的旅游流有向网络,并使用社会网络理论进行分析。研究表明,该网络属于无标度网络,网络规模为2656,但平均路径只有4.3,网络密度较低,节点的度分布满足幂律分布,网络核心区与边缘区互动较少。按照时间顺序构建旅游流网络,研究网络的演化并分析其演化动力,发现网络规模、连接数量都与行程数量近似于比例增长,网络演化过程中新增加的节点优先链接网络中的明星节点。文章首次从网络演化的角度使用社会网络理论研究旅游流,丰富和拓展了旅游流研究内容。     

Determinants of island tourism development: The example of Dachangshan Island

Islands possess their own patterns of spatial and temporal evolution as tourist destinations. Taking Dachangshan Island as an example, two key stages were identified: a 'landscape-oriented' period from 2002 to 2009, and a 'background' stage from 2009 to 2012. Co-existing with both periods was changing spatial and land-use patterns of expansion and intensification. Using spatial mapping techniques, it was found that tourist resources were found to be the original driving force, tourist transportation and social and economic factors were endogenous determinants of change, and tourist enterprises and source markets subject to government policies the exogenous factors.     

旅游流空间数据获取的基本方法分析——国内外研究综述及比较

有效、准确的旅游流数据获取是决定旅游流研究科学性的关键问题之一.文章通过对国内外旅游流相关研究中的旅游流空间数据获取方法的梳理,认为旅游流数据获取的基本方法有观察法、旅游者时空账户、现代追踪技术、二手面板数据和其他途径等5种,通过成本、效率、可操作性、拓展性和准确性等方面对5种方法进行了比较和述评,并对比国内外相关研究的差距与不同.文章指出,目前国内旅游流研究仍存在数据获取方法单一、现代技术应用不足、重视程度不够等问题,尚未实现与国际研究的全面接轨.文章旨在能够引起旅游管理部门和研究者对旅游流数据获取的重视,以科学、有效的途径收集准确、适用的数据,提高旅游流研究的科学性和对旅游业发展实践的指导意义.     

气候舒适度对热点城市入境游客时空变化的影响

文章选取东部18个城市分析气候舒适度的年内时空变化,将其年内变化分为3种类型：倒＂U＂形、＂M＂形、宽＂U＂形。收集2005～2007年各城市入境客流量,分析其年内时空变化状况,将其年内变化分为4种类型：＂W＂形、倒＂U＂形、＂M＂形、＂U＂形。年内客流量重心变化与气候舒适度重心变化具有很强的时间同步性,说明气候舒适度是影响客流量空间分布的重要因素。在客流量月指数与气候舒适度指数比较的基础上,建立了入境旅游客流量月指数模拟模型。利用旅游资源丰度、经济发展水平、综合气候舒适指数3个因素,建立其与客流量地域分布的统计关系,结果显示：综合气候舒适度指数每变化1个单位,客流量将增加（或减少）7.659万人。     

Tourist movement patterns understanding from the perspective of travel party size using mobile tracking data: A case study of Xi'an,China

Travel party size has been shown to affect tourists' behavior. However, due to a previous lack of big-data analytical techniques, there remains limited research on the effect of party size on tourist movements from a large-scale perspective. This paper presents an empirical case study on the understanding of tourist movement patterns from the perspective of party size using mobile tracking data in Xi'an, China. A Fine-grained Travel Party Partition (FTPP) method is proposed to automatically distinguish accompanied tourists from a dataset of all tourists in Xi'an. After aggregating travel parties according to the size, tourist movement patterns are compared across different party sizes from demographic, spatial and temporal aspects. We further discuss how the obtained insights can help the stakeholders in travel package improvement, connectivity enhancement among attractions, attraction planning and management, and personalized next-attraction recommendation.     

旅华外国散客旅游流地理分布和网络结构研究

散客旅游是全球主流旅游方式,入境散客市场在中国入境旅游市场中也占据重要地位。文章主要采用问卷法采集数据,研究样本总量1451份,运用地图分析法研究旅华外国散客旅游流的分布和扩散规律,运用社会网络分析法研究旅华外国散客旅游流网络结构特征。研究发现:散客以北京、广州和上海为主要出入境口岸,以香港为辅助口岸,旅游线路以单目的地、短线为主,平均到访目的地数量较少;北京和广州是单目的地散客的主要旅游目的地;多点散客旅游流集中分布在中国人口线东南部,以"北京—西安"之间的流量最大,并形成了长三角、珠三角、川滇3个区域性集中分布区;散客旅游流网络规模较大,但网络密度较低,整体结构松散,发育程度较差;网络具有小世界特性;网络中的节点可以划分成综合性节点、枢纽节点、重要节点和一般节点4种角色类型。文章首次从宏观联系的视角对旅华外国散客旅游流进行了整体研究,丰富和拓展了中国入境旅游流研究内容。     

The grand tour: A key phase in the history of tourism

Although the Grand Tour has been examined by various disciplines, it has rarely been examined from the perspective of tourism studies. This paper begins with a review of previous work and concepts about the tour and then outlines some of its principal features based on an analysis of the primary sources of information: the diaries, letters, and journals of the travelers. Four aspects of the Grand Tour are then examined: the tourists, spatial and temporal aspects of the tour, and the gradual development of a tourist industry. The degree of continuity and change in the character of the tour is assessed and major changes are attributed primarily to the changing social class of the tourists. The 1820s and 1830s are identified as an important transition period in the development of a more formalized tourist industry.     

Measuring tourism destinations using mobile tracking data

We develop a methodology for measuring visitor flows to destinations using space-time tracking data. Based on a review of the literature on this topic we propose that a tourism destination has five dimensions – spatial, temporal, compositional, social and dynamic – that can be measured using space-time tracking data. We analyse three of these dimensions, namely the spatial, temporal and compositional, using the mobile positioning data of foreign visitors in Estonia from 2011 to 2013. Results show that smaller destination areas can be differentiated inside the whole country by the geographical, temporal and compositional parameters of the visits. These findings demonstrate applications of “BIG” data in destination management. A monitoring tool based on this methodology and data is currently being used by the Estonian Tourist Board.     

Influence of the High-Speed Rail on the Spatial Pattern of Regional Tourism – Taken Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Rail of China as Example

This paper compares volumes, flows, and spatial patterns of traffic before and after the opening of the high-speed rail (HSR) link between Beijing and Shanghai. Evidence emerges of a significant change in the shape of isochrones within the region. Under the influence, the temporal and spatial distance between the source region and tourist destination is greatly reduced. Equally, multiple contact modes are more apparent and the overall structure of tourism flow network is closer after the opening of the HSR service. As can be seen from the above, the HSR has a significant impact on regional tourism traffic accessibility and then has a significant on the temporal and spatial distribution of regional tourism resource. The tourism flow will respond positively to the “space compression” effect.     

京沪高铁对主要站点旅游流时空分布影响

交通是影响旅游流时空分布的最主要因素之一。文章以京沪高铁线为例,运用旅游场理论和社会网络分析方法,比较京沪高铁开通前后9个主要高铁站点的旅游流时空分布变化特征。研究表明:高铁开通强化了北京、上海和南京等重要旅游客源地和目的地的领先地位,呈现出高铁旅游流的"马太效应";高铁促使靠近重要旅游目的地的竞争处于劣势的旅游地旅游流呈现"过道效应";高铁促使空间距离临近的两个城市的旅游流呈现"同城效应";高铁提升原本缺乏区位优势的旅游资源型站点的可进入性,同时对区域核心城市的交通依赖程度明显下降;高铁的时空压缩效应缩短旅途时间,可实现小长假的远程旅游,双休日的中程旅游,一定程度上避免了中远程旅游对黄金周的依赖,从而缓解出游时间的集中性,提高了旅游质量。     

Effects of podcast tours on tourist experiences in a national park

This study examines the influence of podcast tours on tourist experiences. Based on theoretical accounts that human voices convey rich social information, this study proposes that podcast tours increase perceived social presence and mindfulness that lead to enhanced tourist experiences and environmental stewardship. A field experiment was conducted at a national park using MP3 players containing podcast tours based on four experimental conditions: 2 information source compositions (single vs. multiple narrator voices) × 2 narrating styles (formal vs. conversational). The results support that even if communicated through audio-only media, the human voice creates a positive social context for meaningful interaction which influences tourist experiences and stewardship. Mindfulness was also found to be an important construct affecting the quality of experiences. The findings support the usefulness of podcast tours as interpretative media.     

Using Twitter Data for Cruise Tourism Marketing and Research

The need to understand how social media affect the hospitality and tourism field has increased. This paper discusses and demonstrates social media analytics using Twitter data referring to cruise travel. This research also includes an in-depth analysis of tweets by three types of user groups: commercial, news/blogs, and private. The results show that not only were words related to travel, destination, industry, and emotion most frequently used in composing tweets, but celebrities, professional bloggers, cruise lines, and travel agencies actually led major subgroups on cruise topics on Twitter. Based on such findings, this study provides feasible marketing strategies.     

老年旅游者的出游行为决策研究--以江西省老年旅游市场为例

老年旅游市场是一个具有极大潜力的市场，其开发具有重要的社会意义。文章采用2000年7月江西省旅游市场调查的数据，逐一对老年旅游者的客源地结构与特征、人口学特征(性别、年龄、职业、月收入、文化)、行为决策(旅游目的、信息来源、出游喜好、旅游方式)等进行了分析，从而得出了老年旅游者出游行为的一般规律。     

信息质量对旅游目的地形象的影响研究——基于不同关系强度的社交媒体平台

在互联网迅猛发展以及智能手机不断更新迭代的大环境下,社交媒体已成为人们生活中必不可少的一部分,随着网络技术的发展,流畅的网络系统不仅给人们带来了高质量的上网体验,也为人们的信息收集提供了便利。有出游意愿的游客往往事先通过社交媒体搜索、浏览、接收相关旅游目的地信息,进而感知旅游目的地形象。以往研究中较少关注人们与平台的关系强度或者只选取某一个特定的社交平台来探讨其对信息质量的影响。文章创新性地从不同关系强度视角出发,选取微博、微信两大代表性社交平台,探讨不同关系强度对信息质量的影响,以及信息质量对目的地形象的影响,并得出相关结论。通过研究结论,为目的地营销提供有针对性的建议。     

#Visitspain. Breaking down affective and cognitive attributes in the social media construction of the tourist destination image

The consolidation of social media as the main sphere for image formation for tourist destinations requires a reinterpretation of how and who is leading the image formation process. There are still some gaps in the literature regarding the structure of virtual (destination) brand communities and the nature and composition of user-generated content. Conducting a quantitative content analysis of a sample of some 1500 tweets in the Spain brand community on Twitter (#visitspain) has allowed the author to (1) identify stakeholders, (2) explore the nature and distribution of affective and cognitive attributes, (3) analyse relationships among those attributes and with tourism products and place brands, and (4) observe potential seasonal variations over the year. Findings indicate the need to consider those elements as relevant recommendations for practitioners.