河长制下农村河道治理的多元利益主体演化博弈分析

目前我国农村河道污染问题十分严重,厘清多元主体的利益关系是破解河长制下农村河道治理困境的关键所在。在假设博弈主体均为有限理性的条件下,利用演化博弈工具研究了河长制下农村河道治理的问题。界定了农村河道治理过程的农村河长、职能机构、农村居民3个重要主体,并且分析了其策略选择及相互关系;利用演化博弈工具探讨了三方的演化过程,并对其渐进稳定性进行分析,讨论了不同主体的演化稳定策略;针对演化博弈分析结果,同时考虑非设定条件的影响,从规范河长绩效考评标准、完善职能机构奖惩机制、构建河长制信息化平台等多个角度对农村河道治理问题提出建议。     

What matters most? Stakeholders’ perceptions of river water quality

The need to integrate stakeholders’ views into environmental policy is increasingly gaining attention because this offers the opportunity to design sustainable and synergistic environmental strategies. Understanding and integrating the views of resource users into policy design and implementation could help address the most important challenges, gain community support, enhance project ownership, and avoid policies being rejected by local people. As a result, research in environmental management has focussed on stakeholders’ perceptions of river water quality and how to integrate such views into policy. While existing studies offer insights into the different ways in which stakeholders evaluate river water quality and potential factors influencing judgements, they appear to be limited in a number of ways. First, most of these studies focus on developed countries and may have limited contextual relevance to the developing world. Moreover, past studies focus on segments of society such as farmers and mainly on wastewater for agriculture. These shortcomings may limit our understanding of the topic and our ability to design effective policies to address water quality problems. Drawing on survey data from the Wenchi municipality in Ghana, we examine public perceptions of what constitute important measures of river water quality as well as factors influencing such judgements. Results suggest that while variables such as taste, colour, smell and litter are important, the presence of faecal matter in and/or around the river was rated the most important measure of river water quality while depth of river was the least important. Results further suggest that education, age, number of years a person had lived in a community, depth of river and the presence of aquatic vegetation influence water quality judgements. The findings of this research provide insights into what policymakers and regulators need to consider when attempting to influence behaviours in relation to water resources. We note, however, that while public perceptions of river water quality could guide water management policies, scientific measurements of water quality must not be replaced with stakeholder perceptions. This is because aspects such as ecological integrity may not be important to segments of the public but are an important aspect of water management. This is reinforced in the present study as there seems to be a lack of concern among the participants regarding river depth – an important factor for habitat provision and pollution dilution.     

Evaluating participation in WFD river basin management in England and Wales: Processes,communities, outputs and outcomes

Participatory environmental governance is increasing worldwide. One area where such governance forms are apparent is in the management of water resources. For example, in the European Union the Water Framework Directive mandates several forms of involvement via its legal obligations. Under the Directive, implementing agencies should provide information on river basin management planning to the public, consult citizens and stakeholders during planning and actively involve interested parties in the plan process. Yet questions arise over the success of participatory processes on the ground in EU member states. In this study, participation was therefore evaluated in WFD river basin planning in England and Wales using process, community, output and outcome-related indicators. Research was conducted through extensive quantitative and qualitative data collection over a long temporal scale within case analyses of the Anglian, Humber and South West river basin districts. Results suggest that while the first phase of river basin management largely met legal requirements, the actual success of participatory water governance was mixed. On this basis, recommendations are made for enhancing participation in future river basin planning through national and EU policy.     

Urban flood resilience,a discursive-institutional analysis of planning practices in the Metropolitan City of Milan

Flood risk is increasing all over the globe due to urbanization and the effects of climate change. Water managers and urban planners try to cope with flood risk by enhancing urban flood resilience. Three main discourses of resilience are engineering, ecological, and socio-ecological resilience. Whereas the discourse of engineering resilience emphasizes the use of flood protection infrastructures, the discourses of ecological and socio-ecological resilience advocate river restoration and spatial strategies to reduce flood risk. In this paper, we investigate which resilience discourse is dominant in the Lambro river basin (Metropolitan City of Milan), and how this discourse has been translated into institutions (rules-in-use) and outcomes, such as flood protection infrastructures or building regulations. Our discursive-institutional analysis is informed by the (politicized) Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, which highlights the role of discursive, institutional, and contextual factors in explaining the outcomes of strategic interactions within action arenas. It is shown that whereas bottom-up initiatives try to foster socio-ecological resilience, the engineering resilience discourse still dominates within the Lambro river basin because national policies and funds are geared towards hard infrastructure measures.     

The politics of multi-scalar action in river basin management: Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD)

Scholars of environmental governance are increasingly intrigued by issues of scale. Efforts to institutionalise river basin management represent a pertinent exemplar, as they aspire to strengthen hydrological vis-à-vis political–administrative scales of governance. The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) is one of the most ambitious policy initiatives worldwide to reconfigure water management planning around the hydrological scale of river basins. Whilst it is widely assumed that the WFD is rescaling water governance in Europe, few empirical studies have been conducted to ascertain how far this is the case, what scalar strategies and practices are emerging and to what effect. The paper addresses these open issues with a study analysing the multi-scalar actions of water authorities, water management organisations, local authorities and interest groups involved in implementing the WFD. It investigates how stakeholders are acting scalar from the local to the European scale and back to further their interests in the course of WFD implementation, focussing on the Wupper sub-basin in Germany. Drawing for conceptual insight on the human geography debate on the politics of scale and processes of rescaling, we demonstrate how all relevant stakeholders are increasingly working across scales to advance their interests but in very different ways, with different degrees of deliberation and to different effect. A typology of multi-scalar action is developed to interpret this diversity. The paper draws conclusions on how multi-scalar action is altering not only power relations between the actors but also the scalar configurations themselves.     

我国流域水管理法律体制的演变与发展

依据水事四法、流域立法、国家政策和改革实践,对我国流域水管理法律体制的演变和发展进行了历史分析和定性评价,指出我国流域水管理从最初的区域管理体制,演变为流域管理与区域管理相结合的体制,目前仍然处于变革之中。近年来的流域管理机构改革强化了流域管理,河长制的实施强化了区域管理与科层协调,环境监管体制改革要求在生态环保部门建立流域管理机构,国务院和地方政府机构改革则优化了多部门区域管理;这些先后实施的政策和措施之间缺乏统筹,使流域管理与区域管理相结合的体制出现了一定程度的割裂,需要通过进一步的改革予以健全和完善。     

1988～2008年新丰江流域土地利用变化分析

以广东省重要水源地新丰江流域为研究对象,基于遥感技术和GIS技术,利用LandsatTM和ALOS卫星影像数据获取1988年、1998年和2008年3个时相的土地利用数据,对比分析研究时间内流域土地利用的时空变化特征;结果表明,20年来,流域的农用地和建设用地的面积均有增大,但建设用地的增幅较大,河流和水库的面积先增加后略减少,林地的面积持续减少;建设用地的增加主要是侵占了农用地,农用地的增加主要是侵占了林地,农用地面积虽然增加,但是质量降低了,河流和水库面积的变化是受到流域降水和水库水量调整的影响。     

从产权实施能力看产权界定的重要性——深圳市历史遗留违法建筑确权政策解读

经过快速的工业化、城市化进程,深圳形成了自身特有的城中村现象,历年来,政府出台过多个政策予以处理,但收效甚微。通过对深圳市历史遗留违法建筑处理政策进行了分析、评判、评估和检讨,利用新制度经济学产权经济学理论,从产权实施能力的角度,提出从产权界定、权益分配和实现整个产权实施的环节来进行有效产权界定,从而提高产权的实施能力。得出政府应该根据政策的实施能力及时修订政策安排,增加产权界定的有效性。在制度安排中,应该更加注重不同利益主体的共同协商和博弈的过程,有效完成产权界定,增强产权实施能力,保障产权实施的有效性。     

干旱区精河流域绿洲化过程中土壤养分时空变异研究

[目的]对干旱荒漠区不同土地利用方式下土壤养分时空特征进行研究,为绿洲土壤的科学施肥及更合理的土地资源开发利用提供理论依据,以促使土壤养分在精河流域平原绿洲系统中合理迁移和分布。[方法]以精河流域平原绿洲为靶区,基于GIS与地统计学方法,利用2003年和2018年不同土地利用方式下获取的土壤采样数据,对绿洲化过程中土壤养分(有机质、碱解氮、速效磷)的时空动态变化及重心迁移特征进行分析。[结果](1)2018年的土壤有机质、速效磷低于2003年,而碱解氮高于2003年。在空间上,各养分含量的高值区均出现在绿洲北部和西北部,低值区则主要位于绿洲边缘及南部区域;(2)对土壤养分综合分级评价结果显示,2003—2018年绿洲化过程中研究区土壤养分整体下降,中等及偏上水平的土壤养分重心沿精河向绿洲东北方向(艾比湖西南缘)及西北部的博乐绿洲方向迁移;(3)不同土地利用方式下,土壤养分含量均与土壤pH呈显著或极显著负相关关系,其中在草地、耕地和未利用地中呈极显著的差异(P<0.01),在林地中两者呈显著差异(P<0.05)。[结论]该研究对精河流域绿洲化过程中土壤养分变化和迁移特征进行的时空对比分析,有助于推进研究区平原绿洲耕地的利用和发展布局,为实现生态可持续发展提供重要参考。     

集体林权制度改革研究30年回顾

综述了林地、产权与林权的概念,介绍了制度与制度变迁的主流定义、制度变迁理论的主要分析视角、相关研究的关注重点;对新一轮集体林权制度改革的重要学术成果进行了梳理与评述,并从改革动因、改革成效与绩效评估、后续配套改革及对策等角度进行了文献回顾及评述。对后续配套政策与对策,从林业税费改革、公共财政制度、林业金融体系建立与完善、林业管理职能转变、林业合作组织和社会化服务体系建设等方面进行了综述。与此同时,对国外林地经营管理政策与实践的研究进行了综述。重点从国外林业产权制度、林业法规政策、生态林业、生态补偿与可持续发展、社区林业等方面的研究成果。对相关研究的整体趋势与研究中的不足进行了评述。     

Context sensitive policy instruments: A multi-criteria decision analysis for safeguarding forest habitats in Southwestern Finland

Environmental and conservation decisions are often complex, which results in complexity also in policy assessments. Conservation decisions have implications for different stakeholders and typically draw on multidisciplinary knowledge bases, incorporating natural, physical and social sciences, politics and ethics. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is a potentially important tool for supporting conservation policy decisions. This article reports a spatially referenced MCDA of policy instrument scenarios for conserving forest biodiversity in Southwestern Finland. The effects of the realistic policy instruments designed in dialogue with stakeholders included voluntary permanent conservation, enforced spatially concentrated permanent conservation, voluntary permanent conservation with active nature management, and voluntary temporary conservation. These instruments were compared by combining forest-owner survey, MCDA and ex ante impact evaluation. The main objective was to find the forest biodiversity conservation instrument that would produce the highest total benefit. The effects of the different instruments were evaluated with ecological, economic, social, and institutional criteria after a 20-year time period. The results showed minor differences between the instruments, with voluntary permanent and voluntary temporary conservation producing the largest total benefit. Despite the small differences, the analysis was robust in showing that voluntary instruments were more favourable than enforced permanent conservation.     

基于SRTM DEM的汾河流域特征提取研究

河流特征提取是流域生态恢复与农业生产活动的基础数据资料,是领域综合利用和开发必要自然地理要素获取的主要途径。文章以基于SRTM DEM数据对汾河流域特征提取为主要研究内容,主要涉及汾河流域范围提取、汾河流域水系特征提取、划分汾河流域子流域要素提取3个核心层次。利用Arc GIS水文模块分析工具,通过对汾河流域的SRTM DEM数据进行处理、填洼,水流定向的方法,提取出汾河流域地理要素特征;再通过计算汇流累积量,确定集流阈值,提取河网等路径,进而提取出汾河流域水系特征、流域子流域划分,以及进行其他流域水文分析处理;最后对提取精度进行检验和分析。研究表明90m分辨率的SRTM DEM数据提取汾河流域特征精度可靠,构建出基于SRTM DEM数据的流域特征提取的优化路径和方案,具有省时高效的优势,对于水资源的勘察、评价、管理,流域生态环境保护和区域农业资源调查等方面都具有重要价值,对数字流域建设具有极强的借鉴作用。     

改进的AHP FCE在流域水利综合规划后评价中的应用

针对流域水利综合规划的特点,将改进的AHP-FCE评价模型运用于流域水利综合规划后评价,建立了评价指标体系,并确定评价指标权重及隶属度。运用构建的模糊综合评价模型对淮河流域水利综合规划进行实例分析。结果表明,淮河流域水利综合规划后评价的满意度为较好。     

潭江流域森林生态资产估算及其动态变化研究

以潭江流域为例估算生态资产:(1)流域森林生态资产持续增长,但增长速度较慢;(2)按主要林种生态资产总价值排序分别为:湿地松>马尾松>阔叶林>桉树>杉树>针阔混林>相思>针混林>木麻黄>南洋楹>黎蒴,而单位面积生态价值排序为:木麻黄>相思>杉树>湿地松>针混林>阔叶树>马尾松>桉树>针阔混林>黎蒴>南洋楹与目前造林采用的以耐酸耐贫瘠的先锋林种为主有关;(3)潭江流域生态资产空间分布存在明显差异,按县级行政区排列,台山最大,依次为恩平>开平>鹤山>江门市区;(4)潭江流域单位面积生态资产为全球热带/亚热带单位面积生态资产的44.22%,说明流域现有森林结构生态效益较差,在造林过程中过应以地带性植被为主,逐渐替代目前林种.从总体来看,潭江流域以先锋林种进行造林营林不利于流域生态效益的充分发挥.     

对我国流域综合规划修编的认识

多年来,在流域综合规划指导下,现行流域规划的工程建设取得了很大的成绩,但仍然存在影响经济社会可持续发展的一些问题.随着对水资源开发利用的要求不断提高,处理好保护与开发的关系对水资源的可持续利用十分重要,在新时期,需要根据新的治水思路对流域规划进行必要的修编.从维护健康河流的角度,阐述修编规划的必要性和修编的主要内容,使流域规划真正成为指导河流永续利用,维系河流健康,促进流域可持续发展的基础.     

流域综合管理认知度的量化调查和层级差异分析——以长江流域为例

长江流域自然条件复杂,经济发展不均衡,长期的资源消耗和环境污染,使流域管理面临体制、机制、形式、方法、手段等种种挑战,流域综合管理是公认的改革方向。从法律法规、协调机制、信息共享、公众参与4个角度观察长江流域的管理现状,收集原始信息,采用定量分析,剖析国家、省、流域3个层面的认知差异,分析结果可为辨识流域管理的薄弱环节及选择改革的突破点提供量化支撑。     

国际河流水权分配方法与适用——以中东两河为例

国际河流的水权分配问题已成为影响各流域国关系的重要因素之一。基于国际水法的基本原则,根据不同分配标准拟定不同国际河流水权分配方法,并应用于底格里斯幼发拉底河实例中,分析河流的具体各项数据,计算出各自的分配效果。结果显示,兼顾生态需水、人口水量及产水贡献三方面的流域国贡献比例分配法更加合理,更具有可操作性,更易被各流域国接受,能够减少和避免流域国之间的水冲突,稳定地区安全。     

四湖流域综合管理研究

流域内各种自然资源和不同区域之间存在着密切联系,是相互制约和互相关联的统一体。四湖流域存在洪涝灾害、水体污染、生态退化和血吸虫病等生态环境问题,只有通过流域综合管理,采取各种生态措施,加强景观生态建设,才能从根本上消除四湖流域内的各种生态环境问题,促进流域生态的良性循环和社会经济的持续稳定发展。     

From Microlevel Decisions to Landscape Changes: An Assessment of Agricultural Conservation Policies

The growth in conservation programs has created a need for modeling frameworks capable of measuring microlevel behavioral responses and macrolevel landscape changes. This paper presents an empirical model that predicts farmers' production practices and the resulting levels of agricultural runoffs at more than 42,000 agricultural sites in the upper-Mississippi river basin under alternative conservation policies. Results suggest that payments for conservation tillage and crop rotations increase the use of these conservation practices. However, the acreage response is inelastic and the programs are not likely to be cost effective on their own for addressing hypoxia problem in the Gulf of Mexico.     

水库移民后期扶持政策运行模式探讨——基于J县的调查研究

以大中型水库移民后期扶持政策的执行为契机,采用深度访谈、参与式观察等方法,实地调查了安徽省J县后扶政策在实际运作中出现的地方政策与国家政策执行情况与问题,梳理出地方与国家政策制定流程并对比四大群体政策下的矛盾与诉求,探讨"自上而下"和"自下而上"两种政策运行模式,指出国家政策具有易操作、强控制但不能完全适应多元化诉求的特点,要尊重地方智慧与重视利益相关群体的公平。